579 



cultivated areas that have been so treated. To save orchard trees 

 from such an invasion of Heliothis {Chloridea) ohsolcta, tanglefoot 

 may be applied to paper bands tacked round the trees. These 

 should be placed in position just before ploughing the green crop under. 

 The vegetation should be well covered in ploughing to prevent as 

 many insects as possible from escaping. If ploughing can be followed 

 by heavy rolling, it would ensure the crushing of many caterpillars, 

 as well as the quick rotting of the vegetation, which is important 

 in a dry season. Where young crops are to follow green manuring, 

 cutworms are likely to be troublesome, and poison bait should be 

 scattered just before the young crops appear. 



Pettey (F. W.). The Spraying o£ Fruit Trees. — //. Dept. Agric. 

 Union S. Africa, Pretoria, iii, no. 3, September 1921, pp. 264-270. 



The pests that fruit-growers in the coastal regions of South Africa 

 have to deal with each year in the apple and pear orchards include 

 red spider [Tetr any chits], red scale {Chrysomphalus aurantii), codling- 

 moth [Cydia pomonella] and the fungus, Fusicladium. 



C. aurantii, besides infesting pears and apples, also attacks oranges, 

 lemons, roses, grapes (generally only when growing in shade), oaks, 

 willows and olives. The more resistant and susceptible varieties of pears 

 are enumerated. Pear and apple orchards should not be planted near 

 oak or willow trees, which may be possible sources of infestation. 

 The life-history and habits of this scale are described. Young indi- 

 viduals, which appear in late spring, show a decided tendency to migrate 

 to the fruit, and therefore the fruit of susceptible varieties ot pears 

 that blossom late escape a considerable number of the migrating young. 

 The effect of infestation is to deform and distigure the fruit. 



Experiments indicate that C. aurantii cannot be effectively controlled 

 by one winter spra}^ of lime-sulphur at the usual strength of " Capex " 

 1 : 10, or about 4° Be., but that, in addition to the winter apphcation, 

 three foHage sprays of 1 : 40 strength (about 1° Be.), are advisable. 

 "Capex" should, however, be used with caution in the inland regions, 

 where the spring is dry and hot, as it is likely to scorch the foliage. 

 Should Fusicladium not be present, but only scale-insects, red spider, 

 or both, no lime-sulphur should be applied, but only one application 

 of miscible oil, as late in the winter as possible, but before the buds 

 open. The relative merits of home-made concentrated lime-sulphur 

 and the commercial varieties are discussed, and a chart for diluting 

 the sprays is given, with a formula for home-boiled lime-sulphur 

 foliage sprays. A spra}^ chart for pears and apples in the Western 

 Provmce is given, with instructions as to the best sprays to use under 

 various conditions of infestation. 



In orchards infested with C. pomonella, the fruit should be thinned 

 in early summer and all infested fruit removed. Infested fruit that 

 has dropped should be removed daily, especially from January to 

 to March, and either used as food for stock, buried deeply or submerged 

 in water. 



Fuller (C). The Termites of South Africa: being a Preliminary 

 Notice. — S. African Jl. Nat. Hist., Pretoria, iii, no. 1, June 1921, 

 pp. 14-52. [Received 12th October 1921.] 



This paper includes the tennites of South Africa recorded from 

 south of latitude 22°. The keys given are intended more for the 



(4873) 2 Q 2 



