590 



German phonological service is urged, and reference is made to the step 

 in this direction constituted by the establishment of a laboratory of 

 meteorology and phenology at the Imperial Biological Institute at 

 Berlin. A typical problem is the great increase of Aphis nimicis 

 (eitonvmi) after dry weather in spring and early summer. The various 

 points forming the basis of such a service are discussed. 



MoRSTATT (H.). Zur Ausbildung fiir den Pflanzenschutzdienst. 



[The Training needed for the Plant Protection Service.] — Zeitschr. 

 Pflanzenkr., Sfidtgarf, xxxi, no. 3-4, 1921, pp. 89-94. 



To meet the conditions existing in Germany, training for the plant 

 protection service should comprise a preliminar\^ general course in the 

 branches of natural history, followed by a professional training for 

 plant protection work embracing the whole realm of phytopathology, 

 which term is here used in the widest sense. Mere training as an 

 entomologist or mycologist is not sufficient. 



BoDENHEiMER (F.). Zuf Keniitnis der Chrysanthemen-Wanzen, 

 sowie der durch sie hervorgerufenen Gallbildung. [Chrysanthemum 

 Bugs and the Galls produced by them.] — Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr., 

 Stuttgart, xxxi, no. 3-4, pp. 97-100. 



There are many bugs much feared by chrysanthemum growers 

 that have received but little attention. The author deals with the 

 occurrence of these pests in 1920 in the greenhouses and plantations 

 of the botanical gardens at Cologne and of the training institute 

 at Geisenheim. 



The species chiefly concerned were two Capsids, Lygus pahulinus, 

 Fall., and L. pratensis var. campestris, Fall., and an Anthocorid, 

 Triphleps majiiscitla, Rent. They appear between the end of May and 

 mid- June. The adults suck the leaves, shoots and buds, leaving a 

 black scar, and the females also cause injury by ovipositing in the paren- 

 ch}Tna. With the growth of the bud the scar is enlarged and the 

 affected side is stunted, while the other side is hypertrophied . Accord- 

 ing to Chiffiot the larvae feed in the parenchyma, making mines 

 that may be mistaken for those of the caterpillars of Enarmoma 

 (Grapholitha) minutana, which lives in the stem and buds of Chrysan- 

 themum indictim. There seem to be several irregular generations a 

 year. The hibernating stage is unknown, but it seems certain that the 

 adults, and perhaps also the eggs, survive one winter. The pests 

 disappear between the end of September and mid-October. 



Keeping the plants free from weeds is a very important measure. 

 Repeated sprayings with nicotine soap, especially at the lime of first 

 appearance, are fairly successful, more so than the use of flowers of. 

 sulphur and powdered naphthaline. Jarring on to stick}^ surfaces 

 in the early morning and, in greenhouses, fumigation with hydro- 

 cyanic acid gas are effective measures. 



Of other Rhynchota that injure chrysanthemums, though to a less 

 degree, the author has observed a Cercopid, Philaenus leucophthalmus , 

 L., while Chiffiot has recorded Aphrophora spumaria, L., and the 

 Jassids, Idiocerus sciirra, Germ., and Jassiis atomariiis, F. 



