THE APPLE-LEAF 15UCCULATRIX : BIBLIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. 157 



Bucculatrix poniifolicUa Clemens. 

 Tlie Apple-leaf Bucculatrix. 



Ord. LEPIDOPTERA : Fam. TINEID.E. 



Clemens: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 211 (original description); re- 

 published in Tineiua of N. Anier. (Staiuton ed.), 1873, p. 140. 



Packakd : Guide to Study of Ins., 1869, p. 354, \)\'. 8, f. 16 (description as Litho- 

 colletis curvilineatella); lb., 7th edit., 1880, (as Bucculatrix pomonella); 

 IsiKept. Ins. Mass., 1871, p. 24 (description). 



Riley: 4th Kept. Ins. Mo., 1872, pp. 49-51, f. 23; in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, 

 p. 23 (habits, remedies, etc.). 



Chambers: in Canad. Entomol., v, 1873, p. 150 (brief description); in Bull. U.S. 

 G.-G. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, pp. 112,132 (references, etc.); in Amer. 

 Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 50(habit). 



Zelleu : Beitr. zur Kennt. nordamer. Nachlf., iii, 1875, p. 147 (critical remarks). 



LiNTNEK : in Count. Gent., Ixv, 1880, p. 263 (general notice). 



Baknard : in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 76 (cocoons). 



Walsingham : in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, x, 1882, p. 204 (synonymy, etc.). 



It is but recently that this species has attracted attention as an in- 

 sect pest, and as yet its injuries have not become very serious ; but as 

 it appears to be npon the increase, it is quite important that a knowl- 

 edge of it should be diffused in order that means may be resorted to 

 that its distribution may be checked before it shall become decidedly 

 noxious. 



Its Several Stages. 



It first arrests attention during its pupation when its numerous 

 small white cocoons may beobserved thickly clustered upon the smaller 

 twigs of the apple-trees. The cocoons, which, from their small size, 

 are often mistaken for insecteggs, are spun by a little caterpillar which 

 makes its appearance upon the young leaves soon after they unfold, in 

 the month of May. The caterpillar is said, by Chambers, at first to 

 mine the inner substance of the leaf, and later to opi^rate as an exter- 

 nal feeder. It is sprightly in its motions, and readily disturbed, when 

 it drops from the leaf and hangs suspended by its silken thread, until 

 the cause of its alarm has ceased. It is described by Dr. Clemens as 

 of a cylindrical form, tapering somewhat at the ends, with its joints so 

 rounded as to resemble a series of strung beads, of a dark ycUowish- 

 gi'cen color, tinged with red on the front segments, and with scattered, 

 sliort, black hairs, which are more numerous on the back of the first 

 segment. Its head is small, of a brown color, and ellipsoidal in shape. 

 It has the usual number of feet (sixteen), viz. : three pairs of true legs 

 (tlioracic), four pairs of very short abdominal legs and one terminal 

 pair (prolegs). At maturity it measures about one-half of an inch in 



