304 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



within the leaves, were collected and placed in glass jars, where their 

 operations could be carried on under observation. Two days later, 

 four of the number had undergone their transformation to the pupal 

 state. 



The Puparium, 

 The puparia (plural of puparium) average in size, from ten ex- 

 amples measured, 0.21 of an inch long, by 

 0.08 inch broad. They are of a chestnut- 

 brown color, oval as seen from above, but 

 somewhat elevated dorsally when viewed 

 laterally, a little narrowed at the anterior 

 end, the extreme front of which, under a 

 Fig. 5.1.— a, Puparium of beet- lens, is flattened, corrugated and with a 



leaf luiniuj^ Autlioiuviau : b, emptr , , , ■ i \ ^ ■ i 



puparium. ' ' short proccss (the spiracle) on each side. 



The division into segments is barely traceable. The last segment shows 

 from above two minute black warts (spiracles) separated by about 

 one-third the greatest diameter of that portion. Fig. 59 a represents a 

 puparium, with a line beside it indicating its natural size. 



The Fly. 



The escape of the fly (imago) from the puparium is through its an- 

 terior end, by rupturing, usually, the three anterior segments (not 

 counting the head) horizontally along their middle, to the junction of 

 the third and fourth segments, and perpendicularly along this line of 

 junction, as shown in Fig. 59 b. Of the two subequal pieces thus 

 loosened, the upper one is sometimes wholly removed, but more fre- 

 quently they each remain attached to the main body, at a portion of 

 their transverse (sutural) line of fracture. 



The flies observed. — While examining the leaves for larvfe, a num- 

 ber of flies were noticed, resting upon or walking over the plants, 

 which so much resembled the common onion-fly that they were at 

 once suspected to be the final form of the leaf-miners. Several of them 

 were captured, and nearly all were found to be females (the propor- 

 tion, seven females to one male), which had doubtless been drawn to 

 the plants for the deposit of their eggs, while the males were prob- 

 ably feeding from the flowers of the Comjwsitm which the An- 

 thomyids are known to frequent. Upon gently pressing the females 

 upon the abdomen, some long white eggs were extruded, which, under 

 a lens, showed the peculiar reticulation characteristic of P. cqyarum 

 and A. betcB. of Europe, as represented in the enlarged figures given of 

 them in various publications. Many eggs identical with these were 

 afterward found upon the larval infested leaves, and it was evident that 

 the four stages of the insect had been obtained. 



