THE APPLE MAGGOT : ITS DISTRIBUTION. 121 



pie ; but this must be an error, unless they should be deposited in 

 worm-holes previously made, for the soft, blunt ovipositor could not 

 pierce the peel for the purpose. The presence of the larvae, of which, 

 sometimes, as many as a dozen occupy a single apple, is seldom noticed 

 until in September. During the autumn they become full-grown, when 

 they leave the fruit through small circular holes cut in the peel, and en- 

 ter the ground, where, within the contracted larval skin, they assume 

 the pupal state. In this condition they remain during the winter and 

 until the following July — a pupation extending over about nine months. 

 If some recent observations upon this insect in some of the Western 

 States are reliable, then, in some instances, the larval stage of the insect 

 extends far into the winter. Dr. F. W. Goding, of Ancona, Mich., 

 states that he has seen the larv93 within apples shipped from Michigan, 

 eating the fruit in the month of January, but that they soon after en- 

 tered the earth and changed to pupae. Some that had been kept in a 

 cooler room did not change until in March. From the earliest pupa, 

 flies were obtained about February ist {Fruit-Grotoers' Journal, Cob- 

 den, 111., April 30, 1885). 



Distribution, 



The fly is a native species — one of the few insect pests that has not 

 been introduced from abroad. For a number of years before it was de- 

 tected infesting the apple orchards of the Eastern States and New York, 

 it had been observed in Illinois, feeding upon the native haws or 

 thorn-apples {CratcBgus) and upon crab-apples {Pyrus species).- Until 

 very recently no attack from it upon cultivated apples had been noticed 

 in the Western States, but during the present year (1884) Prof. Cook 

 has discovered it in a barrel of autumn apples procured from Shiawasse 

 county, Mich., which' were found to be entirely ruined by it. He had 

 also learned that it was cpiite common in the fruit in and around Lan- 

 sing, Mich. {Count.-Gcnt. for Oct. 16, 1884).* 



The most frequent notices of the presence of the insect, and most 

 serious accounts of its injuries, have been received from Vermont. In 

 New Hampshire, in a (qw localities, it has ruined entire orchards {Rept. 

 Coiiim. Agricid. for 1881, p. 190). In the vicinity of East Falmouth, 

 Massachusetts, it has been reported as very injurious {\st Rept. Ins. 

 III., 1868, p. 31). Mr. L. L. Whitman has written me from his resi- 



* Later, Prof. Cook reporta its presence in at least six counties in Michigiin, and had 

 learned that in 1883, 11 year before it was noticed in Michigan, it was doing much harni in 

 Wisconsin to cultivated fruit. These attacks were the result of new importations from 

 the East, or the native insect had of late taken upon itself a new and retiued regimen. {\A.th 

 Jiepf. Mich. St. Horticultural Socittij, for 18S4, p. 20O-1.) 

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