32 



All the stages of this moth are described. The eggs are laid singly 

 on the underside of the leaves. The emerging larva forms a linear 

 mine which gradually widens and extends along a vein for about 

 I of an inch, after which it enlarges into a blotch about | an inch in 

 diameter. As a rule there is only one larva in each mine, though 

 there may be several mines in one leaf. In the penultimate stage 

 the larva lines the mine with silk and folds the leaf and puckers the 

 surface of the mine. At this time it eats holes in the upper paren- 

 chjTua around the edges of the mine, and these may be seen as a 

 series of pale spots. This process continues in the last stage, during 

 which the leaf is frequently doubled over. The cocoon in which 

 pupation occurs is attached closely to the upper lining of the mine 

 and loosely to the lower. When about to emerge, the pupa works its 

 way partly out of the mine. All stages were present on plants out 

 of doors on 26th August. 



MosHER (E.). Notes on the Pupae of the European Corn Borer, 

 Pyraiista mihihlis, and the closely related Species, P. jjenitalis.— 

 Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 387 - 

 389., 6 figs. 



The pupae of the closely related moths, Pymusta nuhilalis and 

 P. penitalis, are more easily distinguished than the larvae. The chief 

 points of differentiation are therefore here described and illustrated 

 in detail. 



Fink (D. E.). Hibernating Habits of two Species of Ladybirds.— 



Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 393- 

 395, 1 plate. 



During late autumn, although Aphids were still present on spinach, 

 kale and cabbage, Megilla macidata, De G., was noticed seeking shelter 

 elsewhere. The beetles were apparently attracted by different species 

 of trees, as colonies were found hib^nating on pine oak {Querciis 

 fcdustris), hard maple {Acer saccharum), red mulberry {Morus rubra) 

 and red cedar {Juniferus virginiana). The beetles arrive singly 

 and in couples, settling on the ground at the base of the tree, after- 

 wards crawling up the trunk and seeking shelter in cracks and crevices 

 of the bark. At first groups may be found all over the tree, but as the 

 frost increases only the areas facing the south and east are occupied. 

 At no time during the winter are the beetles entirely dormant. In 

 the early spring they migrate from the trees to the surrounding 

 fields. 



Many theories have been propounded concerning the return of 

 CoccinelUd beetles in successive years to the same trees. In view of 

 various experiments here described it is concluded that hibernation on 

 the same trees is purely accidental. The hibernating habits of 

 Ejpilachna borecdis, F., a pest of watermelons, are very similar to those of 

 Megdla macidaia. They differ only in that E. borealis does not utilise 

 the same trees each year. This may be accounted for by the fact 

 that their food-plants are often shifted, crop rotation being a common 

 practice in watermelon culture. 



