139 



Wads WORTH (R. V.). Notes on the Life-History of Ephestia kuhniella. 

 — Ann. App. Biol, Cambridge, vi, no. 2-3, December 1919, pp. 

 203-206. 



The adult moths of Ephestia kuhniellu do not require any food 

 during their life, which lasts about one month. The eggs are laid 

 during the latter half of their existence. Light is apparently the only 

 determining factor in the choice of place for oviposition, as the eggs 

 are often laid at some distance from food provided the site is dark 

 enough. The larvae hatch in about a week according to the tempera- 

 ture and commence feeding on the most suitable food in their vicinity. 

 After a few days they spin a silken tube, inside which they remain 

 until fuHy fed. They will readily change their diet, which includes 

 grains of all kinds, dried vegetables, cacao beans, nuts and even jelly 

 cubes and chocolate. Although they are not known to attack animal 

 food in storage, they have beeu reared for about 6 weeks on Ephestia 

 and Tortrix under laboratory conditions. 



The larval life varies from 10 to 12 weeks, depending greatly on the 

 food and temperature. There are from one to six generations a year, 

 but hard food such as dried potatoes will prolong the life-cycle to 

 an abnormal extent so that not even one generation is produced 

 during the year. When mature the larvae leave the silken case and 

 their food in search of a suitable place for pupation, which is frequently 

 the ears of sacks. The larvae that pupate in the autumn may hiber- 

 nate in this stage or the adults may emerge within a fortnight, in which 

 case the eggs are laid soon after emergence and the ensuing generation 

 hibernates hi the larval stage. 



Fryer (J. C. F.). Notes. — Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge., vi, no. 2-3, 

 December 1919, pp. 207-209. 



From observations made on eggs of Charaeas graminis, L., protected 

 by perforated zinc but fully exposed to the weather, and others kept 

 in a dry, unheated shed in a glass jar, it is evident that this moth 

 hibernates in the egg-stage. The lan^ae began to emerge on 7th April. 



Attention is drawn to the breeding of Sitoiroga cerexdella, Oliv., in 

 England on barley in the field. Adults oi Anthononms pomorum, L., 

 were found to feed on apple foliage in captivity. During an infestation 

 in Hereford less than 1 per cent of this weevil was parasitised by 

 Pimpla pomorum, Ratz, 



Phyllobius urticae, DeG., and P. oblongus, L., are recorded as 

 damaging strawberries in Hereford. 



Abens (P.). Een voor Hevea schadelijke Oeret {Holotrichia leuco- 

 jMialma, Wied.). [A White Grub, H. leucophthalma, injurious to 

 Hevea.] — Meded. Proefstation Malang, Bafuvia, no. 28, 1919, 

 19 pp., 2 plates. [W^ith an English Summary.] 



There is only one known case of white grubs attacking Hevea, Green 

 having recorded that in Ceylon Lepidiota pinguis killed thousands of 

 stumps on a clearing by eating all the rootlets and decorticating the 

 tap-roots. A similar case due to Holotrichia leucophthalma has been 

 recently observed in Java in a clearing that was quite cleanly weeded 

 but where, owing to the very wet weather, burning could not be properly 



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