253 



dead infected larvae or from pure cultures. Recovery was only 

 noticed in certain cases where infection was produced only a short 

 time prior to moulting or about 2 days before pupation. 



Adult stages fed with infected water were found to contain the 

 organism after death, but the actual cause of death was not proved. 

 Bacillus thuringiensis is apparently specifically pathogenic to Epheslia 

 kiihnidla, as various other grain-infesting insects, including Calandra 

 granaiia, C. oryzae, GnaOiocerus cormifus, Tiibolinm caslaneum 

 {fenugineuni), Dennesfes lardarius,and Tenehrio molifor, which were 

 experimentally tested, did not show any sign of disease. 



The value of this disease as a means of controlling EpJiestia 

 luhniella by artificial infection is discussed. Spraying the walls and 

 appliances with water containing the virus was not entirely effective, 

 but the use of such a spray directly on the grain is suggested, (irain 

 thus treated is safe for human consumption, as the organism is killed 

 in the process of baking and even in the raw state is not pathogenic 

 to man. Whether such grain may be fed to cattle has still to be 

 proved, but it is harmless to mice, 



Neumeister (— ). Mitteilungen uber das Auftreten der Kieferneule 

 im Forstbezirk Dresden. [The Appearance of the Pine Moth in 

 the Dresden Forest District.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, 

 ii, no. 1, April 1915, pp. 164-167, 1 fig. [Received 19th April 

 1920.] 



During the spring of 1913 the pine moth [Panolis flammea] occurred 

 in exceptional abundance in the forests near Dresden. Remedial 

 measures, including the use of sticky bands and the shaking of trees, 

 eftectively reduced their numbers in certain districts. The pupae 

 were destroyed by turning pigs loose in the forest. During 1914 such 

 extensive remedial measures were not necessary owing to the abun- 

 dance of natural enemies. 



Kleine (R.). Die Getreideblumenfliege, Hylemyia coarclafa, Fall. Ein 

 Beitrag zur Kenntnis ihrer Biologie und ihrer Bedeutung fur die 

 Landwirtschaft. [A Contribution to the Knowledge of the 

 Biology and Significance of Hylemyia coarctata in Agriculture.] — 

 Zeitschr. /. angew. Entom.. Berlin, ii, no. 2, August 1915, pp. 

 360-389, 4 figs; iii, no. 1, 1916, p. 179. [Received 19th April 

 1920.] 



The wheat bulb fly, Hylemyia coarctata. Fall., causes serious 

 damage in Germany to wheat and rye. Although it is widely dis- 

 tributed, greater destruction of crops occurs in the north of Germany 

 than any other region ; this is probably due to the methods of 

 cultivation employed there. It is apparently useless to attempt 

 to grow wheat or rye on ground which has not been under 

 cultivation for some time. Wheat should be preceded by root crops. 

 Autumn ploughing is also suggested as a possible means of preventing 

 infestation. There is only one generation a year. Oviposition generally 

 occurs from August to September, in certain localities as early as July. 

 The larva is fully developed prior to hibernation, but does not emerge 

 from the egg until the following spring. It immediately bores into the 



