30 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS 
daged :—C. nzgra, L., Knapweed, Hardhead, is a very 
common plant in English meadows. The following low- 
land species are very nearly allied :—C. nzgrescens, Willd. ; 
glabrous, involucre cylindrical, appendages with recurved 
tip, pappus 0. C. transalpina, Schleich.; similar, but 
plant covered with rough hairs, involucre variegated with 
black and green. C. pratenszs, Thuill.; marginal flowers 
barren, appendages lighter, pappus 0. C. unzflora, L.; 
capitule large, solitary, stem quite simple, very leafy, 
4-15 in., leaves cottony on both sides, lower ones with 
a long winged stalk; High Alps, Dauphiny. C. nervosa, 
Willd. (plumosa, Lam., Thomaszana, Grml., Ferdinandz, 
Gren.); leaves grey-green, auricled; High Alps, Southern 
Switzerland, Tirol, Carniola, Dauphiny. The remaining 
species are lowland or sub-alpine :—C. alta, L. (splendens, 
Gaud.); leaves pinnate or bi-pinnate, with linear segments, 
appendages of involucre white; Ticino. C. /acea, L. 
(including amara, L.); very nearly allied to mzgra, but 
involucral appendages undivided, finely denticulate or 
lacerated, pappuso; frequent. C.rhetica, Mor. (austriaca, 
Koch, cévrhata, Rcehb.); involucre elliptical, appendages 
long, pointed, pinnatifid, not concealing the involucre, 
stem and leaves usually glabrous; Southern Switzerland, 
Tirol, Styria, Piedmont. C. phrygia, L. (austriaca, Willd.) 
(Pl. 64); stem 14-3 feet, branched, ray-flowers very 
slender, appendages brown, leaves broadly lanceolate, 
dentate; sub-alpine pastures, frequent. C. pseudo-phrygia, 
Mey.; resembling the last, but appendages black-brown ; 
pastures; Switzerland, Tirol. 
Sub-Order LIGULIFLOR&.—Plants with a milky juice 
(latex); flowers all ligulate. 
