170 ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 



CVIL— LOGANIACE^. 



Many of the genera now congregated within the limits of this little order, were, in the first 

 instance, referred to CinchonacecB, A^ocynacew^ and Gentianece. Mr. Brown was the first to 

 point out the necessity for the separation of these outlying plants, and reunion in a distinct 

 family* Since then all Botanists have adopted the suggestion, but with various modifications, 

 according to their respective views, in which no two seemed quite agreed, until, at length the 

 two De Candolles, father and son, took it in hand, defined its limits, and brought together, into 

 one view, its scattered genera and species. As left by them it is a complex one, they having 

 found it necessary to distribute its 26 genera, and 100 species, under no fewer than 4 sub-orders 

 and 12 tribes. In its relationships it seems equally complex, parts of it associating almost as 

 nearly with Cinchonaceoc^ Jpocynacece^ and Gentianece^ as with each other. Such being the 

 case it seems not improbable that, in the event of future researches adding considerably to the 

 number of species, it will yet be divided, by the elevation of some of the present sub-orders to 

 the rank of orders. As it now stands it is a most difficult one to deal with, each positive 

 character apparently having its negative one ; thus we find among its species considerable sized 

 trees and minute herbs, not 3 inches high; some with stipules some without ; aestivation valvate 

 or imbricate; flowers regular or irregular; stamens equaling the lobes of the corolla or unsym- 

 metrical ; style continuous or split at the base, and again united at the apex ; ovules many or 



few; and lastly fruit capsular, drupaceous, or baccate. From this it w^ould appear that its 



species are to be ascertained as much by negative as by positive characters. Some at first 

 sight have the appearance oi Cinchonacece^ but with the ovary superior; some are like Apocy- 

 nacece, but probably have stipules and watery not milky juices, and want the contraction in 

 the middle of the stigma ; others resemble Gentianece but have stipules and deciduous corollas, 

 with valvate not twisted aestivation. 

 The following is De Candolle's. 



CHARACTEa OF THE Order. Calyx free, 5- rarely 4-lobed. Corolla regular or rarely 

 irregular, hypogynous, 5- rarely 4-lobed, or many-lobed; sestivation valvate, twisted, or imbri- 

 cated. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, sometimes 5, alternate with the lobes, or 

 rarely 1, or 10, or 12, then (in Potalia) opposite the lobes ; or lastly (in Sect. 2d of GcBrtnera), 

 3 alternate and 2 opposite the lobes of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise; 

 pollen (ex^Mavtius) vittato-three-lobed. Nectary (the last tribe excepted) none. Ovary free, 

 -i- rarely o-celled or 1-celled. Ovules amphitropous or rarely (in Gcertnera) anatropous, style 

 simple ; stigma simple or twodobed. Fruit sometimes capsular, the toargin curved inward, 

 ana bearing the placentas ; sometimes drupaceo-baccate. Placentas in the capsules often at 

 length tree, beed usually peltate, rarelv erect. fiompflmPfi xxnncraA • n]]..™^r. f^^.trr ^^ noviWiixxU 



nous ; e 



w * , - — *v*j.^^^w ^^M,^v,c*i.vy. X irti^cutas 111 Lilt; Cctpsuico uit^^u ^» 



ree. beed usually peltate, rarely erect, sometimes winged ; albumen fleshy or cartilagi- 

 .^ 11 * ™ ^^'° s\r^lg^[ with the radicle next the hilum ; cotyledons 2, foliaceous.-Shrubs or 

 smali trees, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, entire, penninerved, petioled. Stipules between, or 



1^ . r. 1^ ^f n ' ''^" ^"'1''^ '""^"^u^ '^"^'^' so«i«times wanting. Flowers racemose or corym- 

 bose, rarely solitary, terminal or axillary. 



Affixities. These 11 



Gentianece, to each 



between them. As 



structural character?, as 



tl;^i^}U^^''^^^^^^^ '' ^f^«" difficult to distinguish 



cSnacL wk ? • 'T*' tiew them, with reference to their%tructural character., .» 

 r£ iri' !.^if P'aY^^""?,' "r^^T.] ^"^ ^^'y ^^'' widely i" their properties, while as 

 d Unction 1o whTh^bpt^ { ^\^^"^°"^ '^^^f' that he has sought in Vain for a positive 

 wSng theb nrontflf •' "' exception, but while botanical distinctions are thus 



instrucfive Yshalllnft *r '"'''' '^ accordance. As his remarks on the two orders are most 

 m.irucuvei shall quote the passage entire as translated by Lindley. 



no exce% beU^ee^Dnl?^ ''"5^V" ''^''I'' ^ P^^^^ive distinction, to which there shall be 

 the axis a^peWsr^^^^^^ The position of the' flower with respect to 



FP w De the same, that is to say, a re-entering angle of the calyx stands next the 



ft % 



