20 



an inch, and a width of one eighth of an inch. The eggs generally hatch 

 in May and June (this season in June), and the main brood is produced in 

 a few weeks. The young are similar in shape to the L. olex, but very 

 transparent; they are quite active and scatter all over the leaves and 

 young branches, causing an enormous exudation of honey dew, which 

 invites the black fungus (Fumago salicina), and has a very serious influ- 

 ence on the development of the fruit. The young do not increase much in 

 size the first season, but with the rise of sap in the trees in spring aug- 

 ment rapidly in size, and in April and May cover the branches, appearing 

 as bead-like projections along the branches. There is evidently only one 

 brood in the year. 



This scale attacks nearly all kinds of deciduous fruits, but seems to be 

 especially adapted to the prune and apricot. 



I have not observed any parasites on the scale, but have been told of 

 signs of such. 



As it is one of the few scales attacking the apricot I have given it the 

 name of the brown apricot scale; some person in Santa Clara has called it 

 the mealy scale. 



For remedies see general remedies for scale insects. 



WHITE COTTONY SCALE. 



Icerya Purchasi (Maskell). 



Fluted Scale (Professor Riley). 



Cottony Cushion Scale (California). 



Australian Bug (Cape Town, Africa). 



Under these various names is this, one of the veritable pests to orange 

 growing, known in different sections. It would be advisable to reduce all 

 the names to one, and I favor the name of fluted scale, proposed by Pro- 

 fessor Riley. Suffice it to say, that this insect has existed in San Mateo 

 County since 1868, whence it is supposed to have come from Australia. It 

 is now found in a number of counties and steadily spreading. 



Description. — Plate IV will give the reader a good general idea of the 

 fluted scale. Figure 1 represents a branch of Japanese orange, natural 

 size, covered with the insect in its various stages. Figure 2 represents a 

 full grown female, much enlarged, with the egg sack laid open, showing 

 eggs and young insects just hatched. Figure 3 represents a full grown 

 female larva, enlarged. 



The following detailed scientific description is borrowed from Professor 

 C. V. Riley's report: 



The Egg (Figure 12). — The egg is quite smooth, elongate-ovate in form, and is of a deep 

 orange-yellow color. It measures about 0.7 mm. in length. 



The average number of eggs laid by the female varies according to the vigor of the indi- 

 vidual or the condition of the plant upon which she dwells, prolificacy diminishing in 

 proportion as the plant is badly infested— a general law among coccidse. Over eight hun- 

 dred eggs have been counted in a single egg mass by Mr. Coquillett, while Mr. Koebele has 

 counted in a single egg mass, which, by the way, was found upon nettle ( Urtica holosericea), 

 nine hundred and forty eggs and seventy-two young larv^ , while one hundred and twenty- 

 three eggs yet remained in the dead body of the female, making a total of one thousand 

 one hundred and tliirty-five eggs from the single female. 



The time required for the eggs to hatch after leaving the body of the female varies with 

 the temperature. In the winter time the sacs are usually filled with eggs, while in the 

 hottest part of the summer seldom more than one or two clozen will be found in each sac. 

 Some collected by Mr. Coquillett on the eighteenth of March did not hatch until the tenth 

 of May, but in midsummer hatching is only a matter of a few days. 



