92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY 



literature has been searched with great care, and it is believed that very 

 little of importance has escaped examination : at the same time, so 

 much only is published as seems necessary to an elucidation of the 

 subject. 



The plan pursued with each generic name in this essay is to give, in 

 the first place, its date, author, and place of publication, and a list of 

 the species first include<l in it. For the sake of uniformity and readier 

 comparison, these specilic names (as well as all subsequent specific 

 names) are reduced to the nomenclatui-e of the last general catalogue 

 of butterflies,* without which it wouhi have been nearly impossible to 

 have undertaken this study with the hope of any satisfiictory result. 

 Where the specific name used by the author quoted differs from the 

 one em[)loyed for the species by Kirby, it is placed in a parenthesis, 

 after Kirby 's name; thus, in quoting the species placed by IlLibner 

 under the generic name Brangas, we have: Caranus (Pelops, Caranus), 

 Didymaon (Dydimaon). Syncellus, Bitias. The names, as given by 

 Ilubner, stand : Pelops, Caranus, D^ydimaon, Syncellus, Bitias. As 

 reduced to Kirby's nomenclature, they are : Caranus, Didymaon, Syn- 

 cellus, Bitias, riubner's first two species being considered as one. If 

 one or more species are indicated as types by any author, tliese are 

 stated. 



In a similar way, the treatment of the group by the next author is 

 given, whose action in any manner affects its boundaries ; but, in this 

 and in subsequent cases, complete lists of the included species are not 

 quoted, but only such a statement given as is necessary for the case in 

 point. Other references follow, as far as they are needed, in chrono- 

 logical order, the dates placed at the extreme left. The action of the 

 diii'erent authors quoted is then criticised, conclusions drawn, and 

 attention directed to the species, which, whether from the original 

 author's action, or by the treatment of the name by subsequent 

 writers, should be considered as typical. For readier consultation, 

 they are also distinguished from others given in the primary list by the 

 use of bold-fliced type in those cases where the generic name stands, 

 or of italics where it falls ; often this is the only indication of my own 

 judgment. 



Generic names which cannot be used for butterflies are followed 

 by an asterisk. 



Where the name of an author occurs in brackets, it indicates that 



* W. F. Kirby, A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lei>i(loi)tcTa, London, 

 1871, pp. GOO. 



