ZYGAENA. By Dr. A. Settz. 23 



near Stralsund, while more lately only single specimens have been found here and there, for instance near Paris. 



— In ab. cytisi ///-«. (5f) tlie spots of the forewing are confluent in pairs, while in ab. confluens Dzhirz. cytisi. 

 also the pairs are joined together. — In ab. bipunctata Se/i/s the proximal pairs are merged together, while confluens. 

 spots 5 and 6 are free ; in ab. communimacula Seli/s the distal pairs are confluent , while the basal spots '^"'"^ "'."' 

 are separate. — In al). conjuncta 7'uf/ all the spots are merged together, being longitudinally connected macula. 

 with one another in ab. trivittata Tittf. — manni H.-Sch. {= arctica Hjjarre-Hc/m.) (5f) is a small, thinly conjuncta. 

 scaled, strongly hairy form due to cold , spot 6 often being reduced ; in the higher Alps and in the high trivittata. 

 Nortli. — tutti Ji'f'h. (^ hipi)Ocrei)idis Sfcpli.) has a broad, black, sinuous marginal band to the hiudwing. '""""'■ 



— ochsenheimeri ZeU. (= fjlipt-ndulae major Esp.; transalpina O.) (og) is a large, bright-coloured mountain- Q^,gg„. 

 race from South Europe. — In ramburi Led. (5f), from Greece, Asia Minor and Syria, the spots are con- heimeri. 

 fluent in pairs in such a way that the reduced 6. spot appears to be a projecting portion of the inuch en- ramburi. 

 larged 5. — gurda Led., from Messina, is similar to ramburi and has, like the latter, a transparent \m\^\- ^urda. 

 tudinal fold in the hindwing; but tlie forewing is longer, narrower and more pointed; the distal pair of 



spots is merged together to a large patch, which is larger than the patch formed by the united median 

 spots, while the reverse is the case in ramburi. — Larva yellow, with subdorsal rows of black spots, above 

 the abdominal legs rows of black dots; in May and June on grass and various low plants. Pupa yellowish, 

 anteriorly brown ; in a sulphur-yellow cocoon. The imago very common from June to August at road-sides, 

 on roads in woods, and in mountain-meadows, especially frequenting the tlowerheads of Thistles and Scabious. 



Z. transalpina E^^. {^= medicaginis 0.; charon, angelicae Boisd.) (5g). Very highly coloured: metallic transalpina. 

 black-blue or -green, with 6 small, widely separated, somewhat black-edged spots. The very bright red 

 hindwing is broadly margined with black. On the underside of forewing all the red spots are merged 

 together in the name-typical form. — ab. flava Dziurz. is the (accidental) light-yellow aberration. — ab. flava. 

 ferulae Led., which occurs in the southern Alps and extends sjioradically into Southern Germany, is paler ferulae. 

 red and has still smaller spots on the forewing than name-typical transa/jnna , but is hardly separable from 

 it as a distinct form. — In ah. nigricans Oberth. {=^ brunnea Dziurz.) the red has changed into coffee- nigricans. 

 colour, as in ab. chri/santlieini of plipenduhie. — boisduvali (Joda (= xanthograjiha Germ.) (5i) has yellow *o«rf(/i'rt//. 

 spots on the forewing (5 or 6), and a yellow streak or heart-sha])ed spot on the otherwise black hindwing; 

 South Italy. — ab. zickerti llofjm. is similar to boisduvali, but the hindwing is all black, being without zickerti. 

 the yellow central spot. Flying sparingly among the preceding. — astragali Bkh. (= hippocre])idis t!bn.; astragali. 

 angelicae Boisd.) (5gh) is of a magnificent vermilion colour, with 6 large spots on the forewing and a 

 narrow marginal band to the hindwing. The forewing below is uniformly vermilion (without separation into 

 spots), with black margin. This is the northern form, which occurs in France, South and Central Germany, 

 and Belgium, being said (probably erroneously) to extend as far as Sweden. — Specimens of this form 

 with an abdominal belt are named by Hirschke astragali ab. cingulata. — ab. miltosa Ca)id. is founded cingulata. 

 on a small specimen from La Roghelle in which the spots of the upperside are also confluent. — miltosa. 

 sorrentina Stgr. (5i) resembles boisduvali, but the spots are red, and the spot of the hindwing is often sorrentina. 

 very small; Southern Central Italy (Naples). — calabrica Calb. (= spicae IStgr.) (5i) is quite black, with calabrica. 

 very small red spots, the spot of the hindwing being only vestigial, the insect therefore resembling 

 stoechadis; South Italy. — maritima Oberth. (5h) is, like the name-typical form, very bright red, but maritima. 

 the black margin of the hindwing is wider and more sinuate; the (6) spots of the forewing below are 

 not confluent; Riviera. — italica Dziurz. (5h) the same, but has only 5 spots; Northem Italy. — Larva italica. 

 green, with black dorsal stripe, and yellow lateral line, above which there are triangular black spots; in 

 May adult on Astragalus, Hippocrepis, etc. Pupa black, abdomen greenish white; in a Hght-yellow cocoon. 

 The imagines are lively and active insects, taking perhaps quickest to the wmg of all the Burnets. They 

 likewise simulate death when suddenly touched, but revive soon and whiz quickly away, the flight being 

 fast. Though the form astragali extends beyond the 50. degree of latitude, being still common near Mom- 

 bach (Mainz), Darmstadt, etc.. South Europe, especially Italy, must be considered the principal locality of 

 the species, the forms here flying occurring from May to July in really surprising numbers; maritima flies 

 in great abundance even in dull weather and till night -fall on the southern slopes of the Riviera, near 

 Genoa, Pegli, Savona, etc., transulpina being likewise very common in the southern valleys of the Alps of 

 Ticino, extending into the North Italian plains. 



Z. dorycnii O. (=r dahurica Dup.) (5d). With G spots and a red belt, which does not reach all dorycnii. 

 round the abdomen as in the otherwise similar peucedani, not being continued on the underside. Russia, 

 Armenia and Persia. — In senescens Sfgr. (5e), from Tauria, the anterior basal spot of the forewing, the senescens. 

 hindwing and the abdominal belt are dark rose-colour, the other spots of the forewing being white, with a 

 yellow tint. 



Z. ephialtes L. {= falcatae Boisd.) (oik). Forewing with 6 spots; the basal pair red, the others ephialtes. 

 white; hindwing with a white dot. Abdomen with red belt. From South Germany and Switzerland, east- 

 wards to Greece and South Siberia. — medusa Pull, (ok) is the form without the 6. spot: being especially medusa. 

 frequent in the eastern districts of the area. — In the west of the area, especially in Northern Italy, South 



