ZYCiiAENA. By Dr. A. Si:itz. 07 



])lack s|)()ts of the t'orewiii^-, moieover, are reduced to dots, wliicli sonietinies ai)pear also dusted witli red; 

 in the Ural and at tlie coasts of the Black Sea. — The Castilian ignifera Koib (7a) is perhaps a western ignifeia. 

 form of this otherwise East European species. However, lliis insect approaches closely also the North 

 African algiru, liaving like this a very bright red forewing whicli bears only minute l)lack dots; in iyjiifera, 

 however, the abdomen is always conspicuously red in its posterior lialf, being always entirely black in 

 algifu. — Larva of /acta light bluish green, with while dorsal and lateral lines, along which there are ])lack 

 dots; in June full-grown on Eryngium. Pupa yellow, anteriorly dark brown, in a whitish cocoon. The 

 moths in July and August on dry hill-sides, on Thyme. During their slow flight the entirely red abdomen 

 is especially conspicuous, the flying insect bearing on that account a distant resemblance to certain southern 

 Hemiptera. 



Z. lydia N/y*-. (7 a) reminds one in pattern already of the following species, arhiUcae, but the wings lydia. 

 are densely scaled and the dark ground-colour of the forewing has a strong metallic gloss ; the intensely 

 deep red collar is a further characteristic. From Tauria and Kurdistan. — The very similar cremonae cremonae. 

 SUjv. (7 a), from the Libanon, has in addition to the red collar a red abdonunal belt, the distal patch of 

 the forewing jjeing occasionally somewhat constricted in the centre. In hjdia as well as cmmonai' the very 

 bright scarlet spots of the forewing are united in [lairs. 



Z. achilleae Eai). (=: triptolemus Kin.) (7c). This 5 -spotted Burnet is recognizable by the 5. i)atch achilleae. 

 being comjiosed of 2 large trilobate oder reniforui continent spots; the patch has mostly the shape of a 

 triangle with the angles rounded off, one corner pointing towards the apex of the wing. The forewing 

 has not the dark metallic ground of most Burnets , but shows on the disc a greyish yellow tint , which 

 has sometimes a slight silky gloss. The insect is very widely distributed , reaching the North Eurof)ean 

 coast in Belgium and extending in various local laces southwards to the Mediterranean, occurring from 

 Spain as far as the Altai. — The ab. flava lloni. (7d) is the lemon-yellow aberration, while ab. hrunnt& flava. 

 Dziurz. is coftee-brown; ab. cingulata Dziurz. has a red belt, and in ab. confluens Dzita-:. the 4 proximal bninnea. 

 spots of the forewing are united in jtairs; ab. dziurzynskii Hirschke has a belt and confluent spots. All cingatata. 

 these forms appear, more or less rarely, among the normal form, not being confined to a definite patria. ~ ''""/'"''•-''■ .. 

 In viciae Hbn. {= janthina Boisd.) (7 c) the 5. spot of forewing has assumed a more rounded shape in viciae. 

 consequence of the disaji])earance of the lateral lobes, l)eing however still so irregular and its edges so 

 washed out that it is hardly possible to mistake it for any other 5-spotted species; more in the South of the 

 area of distribution. — bellis Hbii. (7 c) is a considerably larger mountain-form from the southern Alps, the bellis. 

 Apennines and various other mountain-chains, as far east as the Altai; recognizalile, besides the much 

 stronger and heavier built, also by the denser scaling and more conspicuous coloration. — In tristis Obcrth. (7d), tristis. 

 from the higher Pyrenees, the red spots, of which the 5. is a mere oblique streak, almost disappeai' on the 

 transparent dark grey ground, and the vitreous grey of the hindwing occupies also tlie apex, which is red 

 in other achil/eae-i'ovms. — In the Syrian antiochena .bV^r. (7d) the red spots are more carmine and have a antiochena. 

 tendency to becoming confluent, while in arragonensis iitgr., from Spain, they are often actually merged armgoncnsis 

 together. — This is also the case in phoenicea .S/yr. (7d) to such an extent that almost every vestige oi phoenkea. 

 the ground-colour has disappeared from the disc; all the wings are uniformly red, the forewing being edged 

 with blackish only at the apex, so that at first siglit one might mistake the insect for Z. rtdncnmlus, if the 

 built of the body and shape of the antenna did not prove its true relationship; Kurdistan. — Lastly, a 

 very conspicuous form is bitorquata Mai. (7d); the ground-colour of the forewing is a silk\- yellowish grey, bUorquata. 

 with which the narrow black margin sharply contrasts ; from the coasts of the Black Sea. — Larva green, 

 with ])aler dorsal and darker lateral line; along the former 2 rows of dark dots, below which there are 

 yellow spots: head l)lack. Till June on Astragalus, Esparcet and Vetch. Pupa yellow, anteriorly black; in 

 a white cocoon. The moths occur in summer, in Gential Europe in July and August, in the South in 

 June: they use to sit on Scabious and Thistles, often several specimens together on a tlower-head. Their 

 favourite flight-places in Central Europe are the outskirts of woods, in South Euro])e liill-sides. 



The large, red-belted Z. armena Ev. (7c), from Armenia, is perhajjs best placed here; the large anncna. 

 red spots are situated in light clouds as it were. — Also of this insect a yellow form is known : ab. 

 flava lloiH. flava. 



Z. fraxini Men. (^ oribasus ll.-Sch., carneolica Frei/cr, rogdana Boisd.) (7e) is the tirst t)f a series /raA/W/. 

 of species from Western and Central Asia. The 2 basal spots of the forewing are united lo a large vivid 

 red ])atch which occupies the entire basal area. Of the central pair of spots the lower one is always much 

 the larger, if the two sjjots are not merged together; the distal s]H)ts are united to a severally incised, often 

 very irregular patch. The red spots are partly edged with white, the abdomen being always entirely- black 

 in the name-typical form. Armenia. — haematina Koll. approaches the i)receding, but is much smaller and haematina 

 more narrow-winged. In this form spot 4 is more rounded and there is a red collar, which is absent from 

 fraxini. Rebel considers JidfiiuifinK a distinct species from an examination of the type contained in the 



