m LlTllOSIA. r,y Dr. A. Seitz. 



grey- brown, hairs black-browu, some of the longer bristles white; dorsal, lateral, and subdorsal lines black; 

 above the dark lateral lines rows of small white spots; on the back yellow-brown spots. Head brown 

 with 2 wliite dots. On lichens, withering leaves and flowers, until July. The moth in July and August, 

 not rare in sandy districts. 



Ilacudliata. L. flavociliata LefZ. (= ochraceola jBre?w.) (1'2]). Head, thorax and abdomen, forewing and fringes 



of liindMing bright yellow; hindwing blackish grey, slightly tinged with yellow towards the base. In East 

 Asia, westward to the Altai. — In specimens from the Amur the forewing is sometimes strongly suffused 

 infusiatd. with sooty in the outer area, which greatly alters the general appearance of the insect; this is ab. infus- 

 cata Stgr. — In every case flavociUata has the hindwing beneath grey with yellow fringes, differing in this 

 fruni all other Lithosia. 



hilarella. L. lutarella L. (= luteal., luteola Sch iff., lutosa Es]j.) (13 a). ForeMing light golden yellow, hindwing 



the same; but the costal margin of the latter suffused with blackish grey, sometimes to the middle of the 

 wing, sometimes only narrowly. The underside is very characteristic, the forewing being dark blackish 

 grey, with pale yellow margins, and the golden yellow hindwing bearing blackish grey basal streaks in the 

 costal area. Throughout Europe and North Asia, from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and from the 

 niijrocindu. Atlantic coasts over Central Asia to Amurland. In ab. nigrocincta.S/jr.. described from the ,,Mainzer Sand", 

 * the forewing is distally narrowly edged with black. — Larva dark grey-brown with brown hairs and black 



dorsal line; subdorsal lines brown, stigma-line white, edged with yellow above. Until June, on lichens. 

 The moths are on the wing in July and August; they vary very strongly, especially in the amount of 

 black on the hindwing. The}' usually rest in daj'-time on stalks or on branches of gorse, looking like bits 

 of straw, but one also finds them sucking at flowers in the sunshine. In most districts of Central Europe 

 this and sororcula are the commonest Lithosiids. 



■pallifrons. L. pallifrons Z. (= vitellina Bdr. pt.) (13 a). Very like the preceding, and by many authors consider- 



ed a hardly separable aberration of lutarella. Frons and ground-colour of forewing paler, not blackish, 

 the costal margin of the very narrow forewing said to be more curved. Forewing above often slightly 

 dusted with blackish. On the underside the entire forewing and the costal half of the hindwing are suf- 

 fused with blackish; in the latter there is a small but always distinct pale yellow central lunule. Europe. 

 manidu. from the North Sea coasts to the Mediterranean and from France to Greece; also in Armenia. — mar- 

 cida Mann (13 b), from the Mediterranean coasts of Europe, Asia and Mauretania (which I also found on 

 the southern slopes of the Atlas Mts.) is pale greyish yellow, almost like a form of unita in colour, but of 

 a different shape; the costal region of the hindwing is only slightly and more uniformly dulled with grey, 

 and the margins of the forewing are often narrower and paler yellow. The second, smaller, brood is 

 pygmaeula. naneola Ragusa. — pygmaeola Dbl., perhaps a separate species, from Southern England and tlie opposite 

 coast of Holland, is a small form, light straw-colour, the forewing with the exception of the costal area 

 more or less suffused with dark. — Specimens from Marasch have light ivorj- forewing and in the (J ?!'''' 

 orange-yellow, in the $ ivory hindwing with a black grey patch below the costa; in honour of Herr Bang- 



hawjhausi. Haas, who sent it to me. I call it banghaasi for?}i. nor. (13 a). — Larva black-brown with dark broad 

 dorsal line and black subdorsal lines; on the back yellow-brown spots; stigma-line yellowish. Until June on 

 lichens on stones. Barer than the preceding. 



sordidula. L. sordidula 7?amfcr. (13 a) is a small form from Andalusia with glossy silvery-white forewing, and 



is not identical with marcida; head and anal tuft bright golden yellow. 



sororcula. L. SOfOfCUla Hm/?!. (= aureola Hfcn.) (13 b, c). Forewing with the costa strongly convex and therefore 



the apical jiortion of the forewing considerably broader than in the form.s of the h/ZcireZ/o-group. Head. 

 thorax, end of abdomen and the forewing bright golden yellow, the hindwing of (J but little paler; in the 

 $ both wings slightly paler orange-yellow. In contradistinction to lutarella, the costal area of the hindwing 

 above and beneath is never black. From England. Scandinavia and Denmark to Spain and Dalmatia, 

 from North Russia to Turkey, and from France to Asia Minor and Armenia. — Larva blackish (according 

 to Hampson whitish or yellowish), with 2 yellow dorsal stripes with red dots and white spots; until 

 June on lichens on trees, both on conifers (Ochsenhemer) and on deciduous trees (Spuler). Moth in June 

 and July, common almost everywhere; can be obtained by beating saplings, also in bushes and in the 

 grass, sometimes sucking at flowers in the daj'time. 

 cribratu. L. cribrata Stgr. (13 b). Very like the preceding species in shape, larger, orange-yellow, not golden 



yellow, and not glossy. The tegulae with a black dot. Forewing with the exception of the outer margin 

 with small but distinct and partially dense black dots. Distributed in East Asia: Amurland, North and 

 Central China, Corea, Askold, and in Japan on the North, Main and South islands. 

 cereola. L. cereola Hbn. (= cinereola Z.) (13 b). Similar to the preceding, but lighter, orange-yellow, and of 



quite a different shape. The costa of the forewing straight, not noticeably excurved near the apex, the 



') A monographic revision of this species based on a considerable amount of material would throw more 

 light on this question and is much to be desired. 



