72 COSCIXIA. By Dr. A. .Seitz. 



ill an untidy cocoon; the moth appfars in iniilsinnmcr and ri'sts on stalks and twin's, with the hindwings 

 closely folded as in the Lithosiids, and i\u- forewings tii^ditly wrapped round the body, so that it has a 

 linear appearance like the Lithosiids. 



alriula. C. striata L. (= gramniica L., palladia Fowrc.) (IS f). Forewing ivory, with narrow l)lack longitudinal 



stripes: hindwing orange-yellow, with black costa, marginal band and cential lunule. The name-typical form 

 occurs throughtmit Euroj)e with the cxcejjtion of the extreme North, and in Northern Asia to Amurland. 

 pallida, ab. pallida Bull. (13 f) are specimens in wiiich the dark stripes on the forewing are more or less obsoles- 

 cent. — Obertiiuk names similar specimens from the Pyrenees, in which moreover the colour of the 

 .lanlhoplcm. forewing is uniformly bright cadmium-orange ab. xanthoptera. In bipuncta Styr. the forewing is light 

 Inpnncla. ■^^.^^,^ll.^.f,Q]Q■^^y. ^nd has no other markings than two separate black dots at the end of the cross-vein. 

 This lighter colour is usually accompanied by a reduction of the black band of the hindwing. — On the 

 other hand, the band may be unususally broadened, and at the same time the other black markings above 

 inlennedia. and beneath increased; this is ab. intermedia .s';)«/. (13 b). which in the increase of the black colour is a 

 mtUvio- transition to the following form. al). melanoptera Brahtn (13 f) has the hindwing quite uniformly black- 

 ^ *'"■ brown, whereas the light ground-colour of tiie forewing is still visible as narrow stripes and minute dots. 

 jumrm. In ab. f unerea By. (13 e) both wings and the body are deep black-brown, with the exception of the orange- 

 yellow segmental incisions. — All these aberrations may occur beside typical specimens, though they are 

 not found everywhere and are not equally frequent. A very large form was described by Obekthur 

 mimnda. from Thibet, miranda (13 f), l)ut only from one (J. In the description (Et. d'Ent. 19, p. 33) it is not 

 mentioned to which species „Chelonia mi.randa" bears any affinity. From J^Ioenia in Tibet, caught in July. 

 — Larva blackish grey, with small yellow-brown Avarts bearing star-shaped tufts of short but thick black- 

 brown hail. Dorsal line of the lafvae of true striala reddish yellow, in that of melanoptrm it is said to 

 be dark. Side-line white; head black. From September until :May, on grass. On warm days in April, 

 about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the larva crawls up the st\lks and can be seen there from a considerable 

 distance if one lies down on the ground and looks across the grass. Pupa reddish brown, in a whitish 

 cocoon. The moth in July and August, especially abundant in sandy districts; the ^S ^b' about in the 

 sunshine on grassy spots and like to settle on long stalks and the twigs of young conifers. The dark 

 forms occur in the South and East of the area, transitional forms are met with exceptionally in all 

 localities. 



C. cribaria. This very variable species is still more widely distributed than striata, also occurring 

 beyond the Mediterranean in Mauretania. The ground-colour is white, but is nearly always dusted with 

 black on the hindwing and occasionally also on the forewing. In almost every form the forewing bears 

 cribaria. i)lack markings, which are very variable in size and number. The true cribaria L. {= cribum L.) (13 g) 

 has the forewing white with very numerous black-brown dots arranged in angulate transverse bands, and 

 uniformly black-grey hindwing with white fringes. From England, Scandinavia, and North Eussia, south- 

 punetigera. ward to South Germany, Austria, France and Switzerland, and eastward to the Ural. — punctigera Frr. 

 (13 g), from South Germany, Franco and Switzerland, has the dots of the forewing strongly reduced in 

 both sexes, so that only a few central rows, consisting of fine but sharp dots, are present. — In the form 

 bifasciala. bifasciata Eambr. (13 h), from Corsica, which is regarded as a separate form on account of small differences 

 in the larva, the dots of the forewing are several times connected l)y longitudinal streaks, so that the 

 moth somewhat resembles striata, the insect corresponding to the form melanoptera. Abdomen without 

 Candida, spots. — Candida Cr. (= cribrellura E.sp.) (13 h) is the often very large form from South Europe, the south- 

 ern Alps, Italy, North Spain (said to occur singly also in the East). The forewing is entirely silvery- 

 white, sometimes (not always) with two small black dots at the apex of the cell (= colon Hhn.), also the 

 chrysoce- hindwing is dirty white in the anal area. — In South Spain and Sicily this form merges into chryso- 

 phala. cephala Hbn. (= coscinia 0., Candida H.-Schdff., albeola Hbn.-G., inquinata Bambr.) (13 h) with golden-yellow 

 head and shoulders and uniformly silvery white forewing. In Mauretania this is the usual form of 

 cribaria. — Lately several other forms have been described, which are doubtless very closely allied 

 to cribaria, although some of them are considered distinct species. We do not wish to deny their 

 lybissn. specific distinctness, but should like to see the opinion confirmed by the early stages. — lybissa Piiny. 

 (= powelli Ofcer///.) (13 i) with white sparsely dotted forewing in the ?, and yellowish abdomen without 

 punclata. spots. — punctata Oberth. (13i) with orange-yellow head, grey thorax and wings, the forewing bearing 

 haroldi. more abundant black dots arranged as in true cribaria, and Avith yellow, dotted abdomen, ab. haroldi 

 Oberth. (13 i), which differs from the preceding in the white forewing and is a transition to true 

 callignns. cribaria; like the preceding from North Africa. — And lastly calligans Tur., from the Etna, whose fore- 

 wing is brownish but still lighter than the hindwing and bears solitary dots, which in their arrangement 

 slightly resemble the Lithosiid Stigmatophora micans. — All these last-named forms are fairly small, 

 scarcely half as large as the $ of Candida, and as they are partly caught at unusual times {calligans 

 sibirica '" October), one might suppose that we have to do with seasonal differences. — Of further varieties, 

 rippcrlli. the Eastern form sibirica Stgr. must be mentioned, in which the black dots are obsolescent, and rippertii 



