Publ 23. XII. 1910. LYMANTRIA. By Dr. E. Strand. 129 



and on which large sums are expended annually. All attempts at destruction, such as picking off the larvae and 

 pupae by hand, attracting the moths by fire, the ringing of the trees, infesting the larvae with bacteriae, etc., 

 have so far only had temporary or insufficient results. — Pupa golden glossy red-brown or dark brown, with reddish 

 hairs dorsally and rather long anal point, in crevices of bark, loosely attached by a few threads. Moth from 

 the end of July xmtil about September, in most years in moderation, but sometimes in great abundance, resting 

 on tree-trunks. The ^, which easily flies away when disturbed, gives off a chirping sound when held with 

 the wings closed while beating time with its head. When taken off the tree the folds its wings like a butterfly, 

 and curves the end of the abdomen towards the head and projects the ovipositor. The moth is rare 

 scarcely anjrwhere in its area of distribution, but on the whole occurs more abundantly in the East than 

 in the West. 



L, atlanfica Ramb. (20 g). ^ smaller and stouter than that of monacha, with similar markings, dtlanUca. 

 but without a discocellular spot and without any dots near the base of the wing. Both wings dark brown, 

 sparsely dusted with black and grey. Markings piire black. Fringes of forewing like the surface of the 

 wing, those of the hindA\'ing pale reddish, both with darker spots. Pectinations of antenna light yellow. 

 Abdomenreddish with dark transverse markings; (J 35 mm. $ larger, 43 — 45 mm., ground-colour of wings lighter, 

 forewing with black longitudinal streak in the basal area and black costal spots, as well as three proximally 

 and one distally in the marginal area, while the darker median area is sharply bounded by a black transverse 

 stripe on both sides, enclosing on the discocellular a lighter I'eniform, anteriorly open, spot with black edges, 

 and being slightly lighter in colour at the costal margin. Hindwing slightly lighter at the base. Fringes 

 and abdomen about as in the $, pectinations of antenna brownish. Andalusia, Mauretania. The ^(^ fly 

 already soon after dark, in June, and frequently come to the light. 



L. aboleta Stgr. (21 a), from Palestine, has the forewings narrower and more rounded at the apex than aboleta. 

 Ocneria terebynthi. They are dirty clay-colour, dusted with blackish and with blackish transverse markings, 

 through which run three lighter transverse lines contrasting with the gi'oiuid-colour. The second, slightly 

 zigzag, transverse line has the darkest edges, wihle the outer one is usually only edged by black spots. 

 Fringes light reddish chequered \vith dark, and not chequered at the uniformly light grey hindwing. Un- 

 derside of both wings dirty light grey. Body of $ with reddish hairs, of ^ with dirty grey ones. 



L. destituta Stgr. (21 a). Reddish brown-grey, slightly irrorated with white, fore'\ving especially iir destUuta. 

 the (J darker, before and beyond the centre of the forewing two dentate narrow curved bands, in the middle 

 and beyond the base two obsolescent transverse smears, only distinct in the costal half. — Armenia. 



L. grisescens Skjr. (22 f), fi-om the Island of Askold in the Ussuri district, is dirty grey; a dark, very tjrinescens. 

 obsolescent, transverse band runs through the centre of the forewing. Discocellular altogether or partly black. 

 A few obsolescent darker small spots in the marginal area. Smaller black marginal dots ; these are also recognis- 

 able on the underside, which is otherwise without markings. Hindwing dirty light grey with a very obso- 

 lescent dark outer margin. 



L. lapidicola H.-Shdff. (23 e), from Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, has the forewing smoky brown and lapidicola. 

 ashy grey with the indication of three or four darker transverse bands not reaching the distal margin. Hind- 

 ■wing pale rose-red, with sharply defined marginal band narrowed at the anal angle. Fringes of both wings 

 light, darker at the veins. Abdomen rose-red, darker at the apex. In (^ the abdomen bears a darker longitu- 

 dinal dorsal hne, which is at the most only indicated in the $, the marginal band of the hindwing is much 

 more sharply defined and the forewing in the basal half bears two black oblique transverse lines close to- 

 gether and not reacliing the hindmargin, as well as a more obsolescent sublimbal band recognisable as far the 

 hindmargin, and a similar marginal band. ? 38 to 52, (J 32 mm. — urbicola Stgr. (21 a) is a form from Smyrna, xrhimla. 

 Beirut, etc., having gi-ey hindwing with a narrower light median band; the forewing has more distinct 

 transverse bands, reaching the hindmargin, and a discocellular spot of light and dark scales. — phoenissa Bogenh.. phoenissa. 

 from Smyrna, Palestine, and Cyprus, has the hindwing lighter, quite unicolorous, never bearing a sharp 

 marginal band ; on the underside of the hindwing there is a round dark spot in the middle of the costal margin, 

 which is scarcely visible in lapidicola; shaft of antenna of ^ whitish instead of reddish. — libanicola Stgr., from libanicola. 

 the Mts. of Lebanon, has the forewing almost unicolorous, but bearing two dark transverse bands close together 

 in the marginal area. — mardina Stgr., from Mesopotamia, has the forewing darker, almost unicolorous, mardlna. 

 with two darker median bands below, which are especially distinct in the r^. — Larva dirty brown-grey, venter 

 yellowish, dorsally, especially on segments 3 and 8, there are lighter spots; warts black or blue black, only 

 now and again with short tufts of hair. Lives on almond-trees. Pupa densely covered with bro^^^l hair. 



L. komarovi Christ. (21 a), from Armenia, has the forewing dark brown-grey vnth a slight yellow- komarovi. 

 ish tinge, without markings or with three thin indistinct dark transverse bands; the hindwing orange- 

 yellow with the uniformly black-brown costal and distal margins apparently interrupted by the slightly 

 lighter veins, with dark fringes. Abdomen orange-yellow, with dark transverse spots above. Head and thorax 

 brown . 



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