144 THAUMETOPOEA. By Dr. E. Strand. 



darker and usually smaller; forewing greyish black; hindwing (also in the ^) dirty grey. — -The procession- 

 ary larva, which lives on oak, is brownish black-grey above with a row of reddish bro\\'n spots bearing long 

 thin barbed hairs. The thoracical segments bear each eight reddish long-hairy knob-like warts, the other seg- 

 ments four each. Sides greyish white with darker indistinct spots, stigmata deep black. The larvae are 

 often very injurious to oak-forests. 



pityocampa. T. p'ltyocampa Schiff. (21k), the pine processionary moth, is more sharply marked than the preced- 



ing species, the median area is distinctly lighter than the subbasal and submarginal areas, hindwing whit- 

 ish, without transverse band, but with black anal smear. The halfmoon-shaped discocellular spot and the 

 transverse lines of the forewing sharply defined. 34 mm. In southern Europe with the exception of Southern 

 Russia, locally in Baden, in the most southern districts of Switzerland, in Austria-Hungary, Asia Minor, 

 orana. Syria. — var. orana Stgr., from Algeria, is paler, forewing whitish grey; in var nigra Bang.-H. (23 c), from 

 nigra. Tessin, the Ught grey colour of both wings of the main form is changed to blackish grey. — Milliere 

 describes and figures (1886) an aberration from Cannes which is distinguished by the two transverse lines 

 bounding the median area of the forewing being deep black, sharply defined, broad and everywhere equally 

 distinct; basal and marginal areas comparatively light. The white hindwing without dark spot at the anal 

 imignipen- angle. I call the form ab. insignipennis ah. nov. — Larva bluish black, with a transverse swelling on each 

 jiis. segment bearing brownish yellow hair, on the sides wlutish grey tufts of hair; head black and underside 

 wliitish; it lives on Pinus abies and is often noxious. Pupa reddish yellow in a brownish red barrel- 

 shaped cocoon. 



pinivora. T. pitiivora Tr. (21 k). Closely allied to the preceding species, but all the same distinguishable at 



a glance by the black-checkered fringes of the hindwing. Moreover, the transverse lines of the forewing 



run differently, converging strongly posteriorly in pinivora and being parallel in pityocampa or nearly so 



(cf. figure), pinivora and pityocampa are distinguished from processionea inter alia by the fi-ons being naked 



in the middle, glossy and traversed by fine transverse ridges, while in processionea it is clothed with glossy 



hair; moreover, the latter species has no spur at the end of the foretibia, while the other two have one. 



30 to 35 mm. In North and Central Germany, Western Central Russia ( ?), and also said to have been 



plutoniti. obtained like processionea, in Southern Sweden. — In ab. plutonia Schultz the forewing is uniformly blackish, 



iivjromacn- ^o that the markings of the type are scarcely or not at all visible; hindwing grey, nigromaculafa Peters. 



laid, has broader and deeper black bands on the forewing and therefore corresponds to a certain extent to ab. 



insig7iipennis of pityocampa. — • Larva bluish grey irrorated with yellowish, with eight brownish red warts 



on each thoracical segment, bearing whitish grey hairs, several similar ones on the abdominal segments, 



and three longitudinal rows of warts laterally. On Conifers. Pupa light brown, in a greyish white bai-rel- 



shaped cocoon. 



hereuleana. T. herculeana ■/?««(/>. (23 c), from Spain and Palestine, differs from the preceding species in the 



white ground-colour of the forewing; the latter bears two narrow sublimbal dark bands close together, of 

 which the distal one is slightly broader and dentate at the outer edge, as well as a broad band occupying 

 almost the whole of the basal area but not reaching the base. Sometimes the two sublimbal bands merge 

 hifasciaia. together to form a single broad band; this form has received the name bifasciata Spul. While the normal 

 colossa. size does not reach 30 mm, a form occurs in Spain and Portugal (colossa Bang.-H.) (23 d) whose S6 attain 

 an expanse of 35 and the $$ of 40 mm. Markings of S prominent and brown-yellow, almost confluent, while 

 jmltu'M the $ is almost uniformly brownish yellow. — judaea Bang.-H. (23 d) is the local form from Palestine; the 

 wings are pure white, the transverse bands blackish, the basal and marginal areas as well as the hindwing 

 pure white with a silky gloss; underside also white, that of the forewing with large blackish 

 shadowy spots originating at the costal margin. (^ 30, 9 35 mm. — Larva blackish brown with lighter seg- 

 mental incisions, dark brown liairs on the black transverse swellings, lighter longitudinal lateral line and 

 above it blackish warts, and with a blackish brown head. Wlien young the larvae live together in large nests 

 on low-growing plants. Pupa in a brown cocoon. 



jordana. T. jofdana Stgr. (23 e) from Palestine. S- Forewing white with blackish basal stripe at the costal 



margin and blackish subhmbal transverse band ; the latter is quite one mm. broad, equally broad everywhere 

 and nearly quite straight. The inner margin is narrowly dark almost to the base. Below, the whole costal 

 margin as well as the marginal portion of the forewing is darker. Hindwing white on both sides, only the 

 costal margin shghtly darker below. The long-pectinate antennae yellowish bro^\Ti; thorax above with long 

 white hair. Abdomen yellowish brown, with narrow black rings above. ?: forewing thinly scaled, dirty 

 grey, unieolorous, hindwing slightly lighter whitish grey. Forewing with a very obsolescent extramedian 

 shadowy band. All fringes ((J$) unieolorous. Antennae Ught brown, frons with yellowish brown hairs, thorax 

 grey but with whitish tegulae. ^ 22 to 30, ? 25 to 39 mm. STA.trDiNG.ER surmises, probably correctly, that this 

 species should be placed into another genus, for which he proposes the name Thaumatocampa\ unfortunately 

 here as in other similar cases he has not entered upon a closer examination of the generic distinctions. 



