LASIOCAMPA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 157 



croiind-colour, the markings being normo.l in the principal torin ab. i^ purpurascens Tutt, and the forms of the ijwpuras- 

 otiier groups being repeated {pur-purancens-curvaia Tutt, purpiirascens-kdovirgatd. pvr pvmscens-semmmrginata , '^"'^■ 

 purpurascens-mnrginata, and pur purascens-husipuncta Tutt): — the fourth group, in which the ground-colour 

 is deep reddish brown, contains only four forms: ab. brunnea Ttitt with normal markings, further sicuki Stgr. Iminnea. 

 (cf. below) corresponding to ab. semimarginata Tutt, and its subvarieties ab. sicnla-latovirgata Tutt and sicula- 

 nmrginata Tutt. — 2)$-forms: in the first group with the ground-colour yellow or pale ochreous we have 

 first an entirely unicolorous form without markings, ab. $ obsoleta Tutt, and a form with distinct pale bands, nhi^olcta. 

 ab. $ virgata Tutt, the two other forms, ab. semimarginata and inarginata being the same as in the first group riiyuln. 

 of (?c? (see above); — in each of the second to foin-th groups, which comprise the 9? with the gi'ound either 

 dark oclu-eous (ocAracea-group), or reddish yellow (rufescens-group), or brown (6r;tw«ea-group), the four schemes 

 of markings are repeated {ochracm-obsoleta, ochracea-virgata, ochracea-semimarginata, ochracm-marginata, etc.). 

 In this arrangement the virgata-iovms of the $ correspond to the ? of true quercus. — The name subalpina, pro- snimlpUm. 

 posed by Aga.ssiz for a form from the Swiss Jura but not described by him, applies probably to a somewhat 

 lighter, yellow-banded variety intermediate between true alpina and roboris. Specimens of this kind occur 

 also in the Tyrol and in the Romagna. — The high-alpine form alpina Freij (2.5 b) is distinguished in S and ? alpiyw. 

 by a very dark colour. Band of wings strongly curved, obsolescent in the hindwing; discal spot small. At 

 altitudes from 2000 m upwards ; hibernates a second time as a pupa. — The likewise dark-coloured ?? from 

 Lapland, which recall mlhmae, have been distinguished as ?-f . lapponica Fuchs ; the broad transverse band is lapponica. 

 bright yellow. According to Tutt the apex of forewing is iiiore pointed and the distal margin straighter than 

 in the ? of true quercus. — callunae Pnlm. (25 b), the form from Scotland and Sweden, is rather larger than adlunae. 

 quercus; distal margin of forewing more oblique. ,^ very dark brown, with little or no intermixture of red, 

 forewing with a yellow basal spot ; band broad, strongly curved, distally diffuse or produced along the veins. 

 $ more or less reddish brown, never prominently oclu-eous, forewing with paler base. The larva on Calluna 

 vulgaris; essentially different when young from true quercus, being black after the 1. moult, with large, trian- 

 gular, orange-red spot on each segment; after the 2. moult likewise black, with orange-red incisions and a 

 grey longitudinal stripe. The full-grown larva is clothed with bright golden brown hair above, the hair on 

 the sides being deep blackish brown and the underside almost black; the light subdorsal line is absent or is 

 only represented by a spot in each incision ; the oblique pale lateral stripes are replaced on each segment by 

 an indistinct reddish line. The larva hibernates twice. The cocoon is larger and darker than in true quercus. 

 — A South-Siberian mountain-form, occurring in the Altai, may be mentioned in this place, which recalls 

 callunae as well as alpina, being of a dark colour, with a sharply defined yellow band which is not widened out, 

 and with large and long discal spot and a yellow basal spot on the forewing. The veins are slightly yellowish 

 in the marginal area. We call it altaica form. nov. — In Russia occurs a very large and dark form with the altaim. 

 discal spot of the forewing long and the band broad and strongly curved, somewhat recalling caUuruie; we name 

 it ab. russica form. nov. (25 a). The specimens figured came from Kineshma. — In roboris Schrank (= quercus ^^'««^ca. 

 Esp.) the transverse band is much widened in both wings, but does not extend to the distal margin, while m ' 

 marginatn Tutt (see above) it reaches the margin in the fore- and hindwing. — The band extends to the margin 

 only in the hindwing in guillemotii Trim., which is found from Hungary to Southern France and also occurs in niuUcmoiU. 

 South Europe; this form replaces true quercus in the Gironde; the 9? are not larger than the cJcJ, of a reddish 

 ground-colour. — burdigalensis Gerh., from Bordeaux, is very near the preceding, but the cJ has a light-brown hurdigalen- 

 shade along the distal margin of the hindwing. — olivacea Tutt and olivaceo-fasciata Cockll. (= infumata Spul.) '„','-;,„^g„_ 

 stand somewhat apart from the other forms, both being characterised by the appearance of a greenish tint, oUvaceo- 

 which extends over the whole wings in the former and is restricted to transverse bands in the latter. — cJcJ with '"''"" "' 

 the ochreous colour of the 9 are ab. ^ femini-colorata Niep., the wings being slightly darkened towards the /e^'J!^^^ 

 base and the veins usually somewhat brownish. — Lastly, we have to mention ab. fenestrata Gerh. with in- ^^„"Xak 

 distinct band, and the wings more or less thinly scaled, in the outer half sometimes almost transparent. This 

 form has occasionally been obtained together with normal specimens by breeding and is, according to Tutt, 

 probably the result of unfavorable conditions of environment. Such a form occurs also among sicula.. — Of the 

 South-European forms we mention first sicula Stgr. (= spartii Fr.) (25 c). It is recognized by the narrow and sicula. 

 but little curved band, and in the ^ also by the distal margin of the hindwing being as a rule broadly and uni- 

 formly yellow ; in the 9 the band of the hindAving colnpletely merges together wdth the slightly paler distal marginal 

 area. Sicily and Spain (Andalusia). The larva resembles in all essentials that of viburni (see below) or the 

 hair is somewhat paler; lives especially on Rhamnus. The moth from September to November. — In the 

 remaining forms the band is strongly narrowed in both wings: spartii Hbn. (= scopariae Mill.) (25 b) has a ..paHii. 

 narrow yellow transverse band which, moreover, is still more narrowed towards the Irind margin on both wings. 

 Ground-colour deep dark browai in the ^, reddish brown in the $, the band being also in the ? sharply defined 



