164 COSMOTRICHE. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 



the free end of vein 8. Cell closed in both wdngs, cross-vein angulate in the middle in the forewang, before the 

 middle in the hindwing. Femora and tibiae covered with dense long hair, likewise the fore tarsi on the outer 

 side; middle and liind tibiae wdtli long end-spurs. Throughout the Palearctic Region with the exception of the 

 Balkan Peninsula and North Africa, also in the Oriental Region. — Larva clothed everywhere with long thin 

 hairs, on segments 2 and 11a long dorsal brush of hair, on segments 3 or 4 to 10 dorsally tliree or four or even 

 five parallel, or posteriorly divergent, tufts or brushes of short dark bristles. Laterally above the stigmata of 

 segments 2 to 10 a longitudinal row of white spots or streaks of hair, three on each segment. Pu})a in a long 

 yellow cocoon pointed at each end, dark brown, glossy, with a large number of small thin bristles at 

 the stumpy posterior end. The sexes are rather strongly dimorphic, the <J(J are smaller and darker than the $$, 

 the forewing appearing sUghtly shorter through the distal margin being more strongly convex and distinctly 

 incurved at the apex. Dark $$ and light j'J, however, also occur, and this reversion in colour characterises 

 some local races. 



C. potatoria. Drinker. Varying from dark reddish brown with lighter brownish yellow patches to light 

 ochreous or gre\ash yellow. Forewing uath dark-centred wliite chscal spot, above wliich there is a small white dot, 

 with narrow dark subbasal band, and a dark transverse band extending from the apex of the wing to before the 

 middle of the inner margin. In the marginal area an often indistinct dark dentate band which bounds 

 the lighter-coloui-ed middle of the Aving on the outer side. Hindwing with incUstinct dark obhque band, which 

 may be entirely absent. $ pale oclu-eous to light greyish brown, markings as in the (^. Distributed from Japan 

 over Siberia, Russia, Central and Northern Europe to Southern Italy and Spain; in the North to Finland. — 

 Eggs short oval, slightly impressed on both sides, greyish white or with a reddish tinge, and strongly opalescent, 

 deposited singly or in clusters on grasses and shrubs (Corylus, Rubus, Clematis, etc.), covered with a sticky 

 substance by wliich they adhere to the objects and to one another. Larva blackish grey with a shght tinge 

 of blue, dorsally with extended irregular yellow spots, wliich form stripes in very dark specimens; hairs of body 

 and head light brown. Dorsal tufts and brushes of hair black. The lateral hairy spots white. In young larvae 

 the dorsal markings are bright orange-yellow. The larvae emerge in August and first devour part of the 

 egg-shell, afterwards feeding on hard grasses (Carex, DactyUs, Luzula), also on Leontodon. They hibernate 

 after the third change of skin from the end of October or November until April, and are ready to pupate in 

 June. The fusiform cocoon is pale yellow, being often attached to the stalks of Sparganium and Phragmites; 

 pupa glossy dark brown or blackish brown. The larvae require a great quantity of moisture and drink large 

 drops of water. Therefore in breeding them the food must be well sprinkled v\ath water. After a long drought 

 it happens that they attack other larvae and suck them out. The moths appear from the end of July until 

 the end of August and fly in the late evening, the c?c? being agile, the ?$ rather clumsy, the latter also 



potoiorkt. sometimes coming to the lamp. — True potatoria L. (26 f) is reddish brown in the (^, with more or less extended 



lighter spots, and light oclireous or pale loam-j'ellow in the $, witli the characteristic markings in both sexes. 



askoldemis. — In Southern Amurland (Ussuri) a special form occurs, askoldensis Oberth. (26 f); larger and darker than 



the European specimens. It appears to be confined to the Ussuri district, for specimens from Chabarovsk 



and Nicolaievsk, for instance, do not differ from the European form ; however, small specimens similar to the 



type-form are found also in the Ussuri district. — The typically coloured form with incUstinct transverse bands 



beroUnmsi.1. TuTT na^mes obsoleta- potatoria. ab. berolinensis fl'ei/ne (26 f); rj pale yellow, the darker parts greyish yellow, 



this colour sometimes spreading over the entire wing; $ still lighter than the typical form, under.side 



whitish yelloAv; surroundings of Berlin, also in England. Tutt names a uniformly pale grey or whitish yellow 



form without distinct bands, ohsoleta-berolinensis. Here must also be placed the form occurring in Northern 



Europe, Denmark and Northern Germany, with conspicuously light-coloured ^ and dark $, which Car.\d ja 



inversa. has named ab. inversa. A very light yellow ^-form with quite indefinite markings and almost obsolete discal 



feminalis. spot on the forewing we name (^-ab. feminalis; the band of the liindwing is conspicuously broad and diffuse. 

 Fig. 26 g 1 and 2 represent a form from Holland (Amsterdam), oclrreous in both sexes with the markings also 

 ill-defined (especially in the 9). and with the veins, particularly in the forewing, conspicuously blackened. 



alrinerra. We name it atrinerva ab. nov. — Tutt (Brit. Lep. vol. Ill) treats all the other shades of colouring as separate 



lutescens. varieties: the dark j'-ellow or orange-yellow form with normal markings is named lutescens Tutt (with indistinct 

 markings obsoleta-lutescens Tutt): the dark yellow form with reddish or yellowish brown base of the forewing, 



proxima. transverse bands and hindwing of the same colour, the hindwang having a darker band, is proxima Tutt; inter- 

 media Tutt is very little different, the reddish brown darker colour occupying the marginal area beyond the 

 outer transverse band as well as the costal marginal area; the liindwing is uniformly reddish brown with con- 



dUmnuta. siderably darker median band. ab. diminuta Tutt is reddish broAvn to chocolate, forewing with j^ellowish basal 



inner marginal spot and a yellowish streak from the lower discal spot to the outer transverse line, hindwing 



exirema. uniformly reddish brown. Lastly the darkest form, ab. extrema Tuft, has the forewing uniformly dark reddish 



brown or chocolate, \vith shght purple tinge and the transverse bands still darker,'* hnidwing uniformly dark 



reddish brown (with indistinct transverse hnes: obsoleta- extrema). 



alboiiiacu- C. albomaculata Brem. (26 g). Closely allied to 'potatoria. somewhat smaller, the two white spots of 



lata, the forewing considerably larger, especially in the $. The ^ dark reddish brown to quite deep dark brown with 



a decided violet tinge, $ also browji Avith a brownish violet forewing. Between the obhque transverse band of 



