166 EPICNAPTERA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 



base, 3 halfway between 2 and the apex of the cell, 4 and 5 slightly separate or together from the lower angle 

 of the cell, 6 and 7 on a short stalk from the upper angle of the cell, 8 close before it, free, 9 and 10 on a 

 very long stalk, the stalk considerably longer than the free ends of the veins ; 2 to 9 into the margin, 10 into 

 the apex; in the hindwing vein 2 halfway between base and apex of the cell, 4 and 5 together from the lower 

 angle of the cell, 7 close to the base from the cell, shortly united with 8 close to its origin, forming a short narrow 

 basal cell. A short strong accessory vein directed costad originates at the base of 8. Cell of forewing closed, 

 cross-vein very thin and almost rectangularly angulate in the middle, cell open in hindwing. Femora and 

 tibiae densely clothed with long hair, tarsi densely scaled with a few hairs only on the outer side, middle and 

 hind tibiae with short end-spurs. 



vishnoit. T, vishnou Lef. (= sulphurea KolL, pallida Walk.) (27 a). Only the tj'pical species of the genus occurs 



on Palearctic territory, being found tliroughout Southern Asia, Ceylon and the Sunda Islands, and going north- 

 ward to Kashmir and China. (J light apple-green, sometimes with a yellowish tinge, antennae, costal margin 

 of forewing and the common llarro^\■ transverse oblique band are light bro^^^lish, a submarginal dentate band, 

 often quite obsolete, and the fringes darker brown; median area of fore^\'ing, inner marginal area of hindwing 

 and upperside of abdomen wliitish. $ much larger than the ^, var3ang in colour between light yellowish green 

 and a decided oclu-eous yellow, all markings shaqier, dark brown to blackish. Forewing M-ith a large sharp 

 discal spot often having a grey or wliite centre, and an extended imier marginal spot usually reddish brown 

 with darker edges. Several forms of the larva occur. The usual one is brownish grey with two black dorsal spots 

 on each segment bearing long black hairs, these spots bcijig united on the thoracical segments, and with long 

 lateral tufts of hair, the anterior one intermixed with black hair. Head yellow spotted with red. A second form 

 of the larva is blackish with broad white dorsal band and reddish brown anterior tufts of hair. A tliird form is 

 reddish brown A\-ith blue lateral spots. The cocoon is covered Avith short black poison-hairs which urticate strongly. 

 It is brownish yellow, is placed on a thin twig and has the shape of a camel's back on account of two humps. 



15. Genus: Epionaptera Bamb. 



Antennae of r^ with moderately long pectinations, of $ with only short ones, almost serrate at the base. 

 Palpi covered ^vath dense bristles, porrect, but only slightly extending beyond the frons. Body, especially the 

 abdomen, densely clothed witli woolly hair. Margin of both wings wavy, especially of liindwing. Forewing 

 elongate with pointed apex; costal margin slightly curved, distal margin strongly so, a deep sinus between 

 veins 2 and 3, inner margin produced into a lobe befoi-e vein 2, moderately incurved in the middle. Hindwing reg- 

 ularly rounded, distal and inner margins almost circular, but the basal part of the costal margin strongly ventricose 

 and terminating abruptly, forming a sharp right angle. Vein 2 of forewing originating close to the base, 4 and 5 close 

 together from the lower angle of the cell, 6 and 7 on a short stalk, 9 and 10 on a fairly long one, 8 close before the 

 \ipper angle of the cell ; 2 to 8 into the distal margin, 9 into the apex ; in the liindwing 4 and 5 on a short 

 stalk, 8 first curved towards the costal margin, then strongly recurved towards the cell, and here con- 

 nected with the base of 7 by a short transverse vein; a broad basal cell is thus formed, from wliich 2 or 3 

 veins branch off towards the costal margin, another accessory vein originating from the base. Cell closed in both 

 wings, cross-vein of forewing slightly curved, in the hindA\ang almost straight. Femora and tibiae clothed 

 with long dense hair, middle and hind tibiae with moderately long end-spurs. — Larvae similar to those of 

 Gastropacha (cf. below), with the hairs very short and sparse above, rather long and dense laterally, lateral 

 warts simple, on segments 2 and 3 a brightly coloured entirely bare ornamental spot; segment 11 with a 

 flat dome-shaped hump. Pupa with a grey or bluish to reddish bloom, with numerous short hooked bristles 

 over the whole back of the thorax and at the anal end, and a similar belt of bristles on all the abdominal 

 segments; in a soft mealy cocoon. 



ilicifolia. £, ilicifolia L. (= betulifolia Esp.) (27 b). Light rust-coloiir to reddish brown, forewing with large 



grey discal spot and tlu-ee rather indistinct transverse bands formed of black spots, the middle one continued 

 on the hindwing. Distal margin of forewing light grey. Hind%\-ing darker grey with diffuse white median band. 

 The tips of the dark brown fringes white between the veins. Distributed from Japan and Eastern Asia (Cliina, 

 Eastern Siberia) to Scandinavia and Finland; in Eiirope to Northern Italy; absent from Holland. — The lighter- 

 coloured Japanese form, in wliich there is also a greA'ish \\'hite postmedian band on the forewing, beside the 



japonica. large discal spot and marginal area of that colour, is japonica Leech. Larger and more brightly coloured speci- 

 mens already occur in Amurland, wliich are perhaps identical with the Japanese form. — The Tibetan Alpine 

 sinina. form sttiina Gr . Grsh . , ivoTO. Amdo , is only superficially described as a lighter and brighter red form. However, in 

 European Alpine specimens the grey is also sometimes more extended. Ttjtt (Brit. Lep. vol. 3) has divided 

 the British specimens into several forms according to the intensity of the markings and the gradation in the 

 virgata. shade of colour. He distinguishes as ab. virgata Tutt a form with the dark median band shai-jily contrasting 



rufescen.^. with the transverse Unes, and enclosing the light discal spot; as ab. rufescens Ttdt a form with red ground- 

 colour, grey or reddish green marginal area, small discal spot in the forewing and whitish transverse band in 

 the hindwing; rufescens is really only distinguished from true ilicifolia by the much smaller wlute discal spot 

 of the forewing. Almost uniformly red specimes with the markings strongly reduced are unicolor-rufescens 



