EPICNAPTERA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 167 



Tutt. ab. lutescens Tutt is a form with yellow ground-colour; particularly pale-coloured specimens only showing ItUescens. 

 slight traces of the red colour and the grey markings are ab. pallida Tutt; lastly, a predominantly dark grey pallida. 

 form with the basal area of the Avings reddish and the marginal area dark grey, the discal spot somewhat light- 

 er and the transverse bands whitish grey, is ab. grisea Tutt; here, moreover, two subvarieties are distinguished, (jrisea. 

 viz. grisea-pallida Tutt, a lighter grey form with small whitish discal spot and whitish bands on the forewing, 

 and grisea-suffusa Tutt, a darker form with indistinct transverse bands, dark discal spot and reddish veins. — 

 Moths in April — May. In da3rtime they rest quietly with the wings folded in roof-shape and the hindwings pro- 

 jecting below them, a position which renders them very similar to a dry leaf. In the evening they fly about 

 rapidly. Egg oval, shghtly flattened, with glossy wliite spots on a slightly darker ground-colour. Larva bright 

 rust-brown with bluish grey head, hairs yellowish grey and black, the ornamental spots on segments 2 and 

 3 bright deep yellow, flanked by black spots; two sharp white dorsal spots before the hind margin of segments 

 2 to 11. A black dorsal line widened at each segment is very indistinct. Another form is grey with reddish 

 yellow dorsal spots and black dorsal line. The very conspicuous ventro-lateral hairy spots white with a silky 

 gloss. Underside deep black with light brownisli yellow transverse band-like spots only in the incisions. Until 

 August on willow and bilberry, especially on low shrubs near the ground, more rarely on poplars; in Amurland 

 also on birch and Corylus mandschurica. Pupa blackish browai with reddish white bloom, in a yellow cocoon. 



E. tremulifolia Hbn. (= ihcifolia Esp., betuhfolia 0.) (12 b). Closely alhed to ilicifolia, the xeAAish tremulijolia. 

 brown or reddish ground-colour lighter and brighter; the grey discal spot of the forewing absent, the black 

 bands are usually sharper and composed of smaller spots; the grey colour of the marginal area of the fore- 

 wing less pure. Spots of fringes less distinct. Central Europe (absent in England), southward to Northern 

 Italy, eastward to Southern Russia, Ai-menia and the Taurus. — Staudinger distinguishes a lighter form 

 predominantly greyish yellow or grey and yellow, recalling ilicifolia: ambigua Stgr., from Issykkul; it has ambigua. 

 also been found at Sarepta and in Hungary. — Egg reddish brown with broad white belt. Larva reddish grey, 

 greyish brown or blue-grey, hairs light grey mixed with black on the warts, the ornamental spots on segments 

 2 and 3 bright vermilion, bounded laterally by large black spots and posteriorly by two small white ones. Un- 

 derside and prolegs bright orange-yellow, predominantly black on the thorax, further back only spotted with 

 black. Until the autumn on various deciduous trees, such as oak, birch, poplar, ash, mountain ash, also on fruit- 

 trees; pupates in the autumn in a yelloAvish white cocoon. Pupa blackish brown with reddish bloom. 



E. suberifolia Dup. (27 c). Smaller than ilicifolia and tremulifolia, pale greyish yellow or with a shght suberifolia. 

 reddish tinge. Transverse bands very narrow, often diffuse. Southern France, Spain and Portugal, North- 

 West Africa, in two broods, February and June-July. In Portugal also observed in October (probably eai-ly 

 specimens of the next spring brood). Larva bluish grey with white hair, the ornamental spots on segments 2 

 and 3 red, singly on oaks and cork-oaks. 



E. glasunowi Gr.-Grsch. A Persian species, not yet well known, resembUng suberifolia. Forewing ykmmowi. 

 reddish brown with grey marginal area, the bands as usual formed of single lunules, the outer one broad, red, 

 always accompanied by a yellowish grey shadow. Veins reddish yellow, fringes white. Hindwing darker, 

 more intermixed with grey, with reddish grey mecUan dentate band. Northern Persia; Teheran. 



E. alice John. Head, thorax and legs mouse-grey or yellowish to reddish brown, abdomen mostly alice. 

 somewhat lighter. Wings with entire margin, lighter or darker mouse-grey to greyish or reddish brown, fringes 

 white, darker bro\vn at the ends of the veins. Forewing with dark brown discal spot, markings sharp and typi- 

 cal, as in ilicifolia and tremulifolia, the lunules of the transverse bauds almost continuous. Transverse band 

 of hindwing very pale and cUffuse. Syr-Darja cUstrict. Moth in April and May, but probably already in March, 

 single specimens also observed in July. The 33 are on the wing directly after sunset, and then again just be- 

 fore sunrise, on dunes of steppes, their flight being rapid and rolling, and close above the grass, in which the 

 as yet unknown $$ are probably concealed. 



E. arborea Blocker (27 b). The largest European species, related to ilicifolia and tremulifolia. Groiuid arlMra. 

 rust-colour to reddish brown or grey-brown, the grey discal spot of the forewing very large and distinct, 

 the outer rather indistinct band of spots with a broad grey iimer edge; marginal area also grey. The two 

 median bands of blackish lunules sometimes more, sometimes less distinct. Hindwing with broad and almost 

 straight mecUan band, which is narrower towards the costal margin. As yet only observed in the Gouv. St. Peters- 

 burg, especially in the vicinity of the capital itself. The moth is rare and flies in the late spring when Rhamnus 

 is in flower. — Eggs milky white, the dark brown markings similar to those of ilicifolia but larger; deposited 

 in clusters of from 4 to 10 on the bark of trees. Larva on various deciduous trees, such as birch, poplar, oak, ash, also 

 on high willow-bushes, appearing rather flattened on account of the strongly developed lateral warts and fleshy 

 humps which bear long dense hair, and therefore like tremulifolia in shape, but more like ilicifolia in colour. 

 Upperside very variable, dark bluish grey with yellow lateral longitudinal lines and small yellow and black 

 spots between them, to almost uniformly grey; the white dorsal spots only vaguely indicated. Underside 

 and legs velvety black, the yellow incisions only slightly developed. Cocoon dirty reddish grey, coarse, attached 

 to trees, etc. 



