r Pnhl. 5. Vlll. I'Jll. ESTIGENA. By Dr. K. GRiTNBERG. 169 



poles, with white ground-colour and green belt. They are deposited singly or in small groups of from four to 

 six on the underside of leaves. Larva dark reddish brown or olive, often with extended irregular ashj^ grey 

 spots, the transverse spots on segments 2 and 3 deep black, bounded by bright orange to brick-red lateral spots 

 only in the young larvae. On segments 4 to 10 respectively four slightly raised rust-red wart-like spots, placed 

 in pairs and bearing single lanceolate scales, the anterior pair smaller than the posterior one, and sometimes 

 indistinct. Hump on segment 11 pointed, conical, and slightly inclining backwards. Hairs above mostly 

 blaok, the long lateral ha-rs white to brownish yellow, lateral warts with single long black hairs. The ventro- 

 lateral stripes of hair black. Base of anal claspers red or brown. Underside bright orange, with black spots, 

 extendedly black on the thorax. The larvae emerge in August and live until the end of October on sloes and 

 other species of Prunus, on fruit-trees, poplars, willows, hawthorn, wild roses; they hibernate on the foodplant, 

 pressed closely against the bark, and at other times also lie so close along the twigs that they are difficult to 

 find. They are sometimes very injurioixs to nurseries. Pupation in July, on branches, in a rather loose, dirtv 

 grey, long spindle-shaped cocoon. Pupa blackish brown, densely dusted with white. The moths appear in 

 July, sometimes alread}^ in the second half of June, and can be found until August. In daytime they rest in 

 the same po.sition as the species of Epicriaptera, with the forewings folded in roof-shape and the hindwings 

 projecting far forward, and are difficvdt to discover on account of their remarkable protective colouring, the 

 effect of which is heightened by the leaf -like contour of the wings. After dark they are on the wing for several 

 hours and also come to the light. 



G. populifolia Esp. (27 c. d). .Similar to the preceding, wings slenderer, light reddish brown-yellow, 7JopMZi/oZm. 

 apex and inner margin of forertang and costal margin of hindwing bright rust-yellow. Five black dentate lines 

 formed of lunules on the forewing, and seven on the hindwing; forewing also with small black discal spot, and 

 with a black longitudinal costal streak originating at the base. Distributed from Finland over the whole of 

 Northern Central Europe to Northern Italy, Hungary, and the Bukovina, local and on the whole rare ; absent 

 in England; in the East as far as Northern China and Japan. — The species varies in the shades of colour like 

 the preceding, but not so strongly. A very light whitish yellow form occurs (ab. flava Schultz), almost without flava. 

 markings, which was observed in the neighborhood of Berlin; further, a pale greyish yellow form, very like 

 the first named and perhaps not distinct from it, fagifolia Roth (Spuler). ab. grisescens Spul. is darker veddi&h. fagilolia. 

 grey-brown. — As in quercifolia a portion of the larvae of populifolia may in favourable years produce a second, orisescens. 

 autumn, brood appearing at the beginning of September, which is named ab. obscura Heudck. (= aestiva Jaen.) obscura. 

 and is similarly characterised by the smaller size and darker colour, autumnalis Jae)i. is an artificially forced autumnalis. 

 third brood, obtained from the egg in a few weeks by means of an evenly high temperature ; it is rather pale 

 with well developed dark markings, ab. (cult.) standfussi Jaen. is also artificially produced, being scarcely standfussi. 

 smaller than true populifoUn, darker fiery red in colour with strongly developed black markings. — Eggs at 

 first green with broad white belt, later on dark reddish brown, deposited on poplars in small clusters of five 

 or six. Larva i-eddish grey to ashy grey, or white-grey, irrorated with fuscous, with lighter, more yellowish 

 incisions, hairs black on the back, whitish grey at the' sides, a few long blac^k hairs only on the warts, the ven- 

 tro-lateral spots of hair also black. Transverse spot on segment 2 black, on 3 lighter, with black edge. Hump 

 on segment 11 dome-shaped, with two small warts on it. August until the autumn and fi'om early sjjring until 

 May, on various .species of poplar, mostly on the higher branches, only going into the bushes in order to pupate. 

 When being bred the larvae want a great deal of water, especially after the fourth change of skin. Pupa dark 

 brown with light bristles and densely dusted with white, in a greyish white or more yellowish cocoon intermixed 

 with the hair of the larva. The moth is much less common than quercifolia, in some districts even a great rarity. 



G. tsingtauica 5/jec. nov. (27 c, d). Most nearly allied to populifolia, but considerably smaller -And tsinfjtauica. 

 somewhat darker, with three distinct continuous bands on the hindwing; the lunules of the transverse bands 

 of the forewing at the apex and before the inner margin broadened to form large black spots. China (Tsingtau) 

 Tj'jDes in coll. Bang-Haas). 



16. Genus: Estigeua Moore. 



An essentially Oriental genus with only a few known species, one of which, E. pardalis Walk., is distri- 

 buted over the whole of Southern Asia and the Sunda Islands, and also occurs in Arabia. Very closelj^ allied 

 to Gastropacha. Antennae of both sexes with rather long pectinations, which are only slightly shorter in the $ 

 than in the (J, the branches becoming shorter towards the apex. Palpi long and broad, almost shovel- like in 

 shape, porrect. Eyes naked. Forewing with entire margin, long and narrow, with acute apex, distal and inner 

 margins rather evenly curved, hindwing almost regularly oval, strongly prolonged longitudinally also in the $. 

 Veins 4 and 5 of forewing distinctly separate, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 out of the stalk, 9 and 10 on a very long 

 stalk, the free ends considerably shorter than the stalk; 2 to 9 into the distal margin, 10 into the costal margin. 

 In the hindwing vein 2 close to the apex of the cell, 4 and 5 stalked, the stalk together with 3 from the apex 

 of the cell, 7 near the anterior angle of the cell, close to its origin united by a straight transverse vein with vein 



II 22 



