^20 SATURNIA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 



warts bear numerous short spines in addition. Cocoon double: it consists of an outer net witli wide meshes 

 and a denser inner one with smaller meshes. — One species, which is closely allied to Neoris. 



caecigenii. P. caecigena Kupido (32 b). (J yellow, at the costal margin of forewing, and usually also distally of 



the discal line uf both wings, pale wine-colour, sometimes nearly the entire wings with the exception of the 

 outer margin suffused with wine-reddish; before the centre an irregular line, on the disc a regularly festooned 

 line; ocellus small, somewhat larger on the forewing than on the hindwing. $ like the ,^, but the pale wine-red 

 colour much more extended, sometimes nearlj' the whole moth of this colour, often the wings yellow from the 

 base to the discal luae. Egg glossy, flat, and marbled with white and brown, several deposited together. Larva 

 on Oak; first bluish grey, then green, more rarely reddish, the hairs white, the small warts yellow, below the 

 stigmata a raised longitudinal line. Cocoon dark brown, pear-shaped. Pupa light brown, cremaster truncate, 

 sharp, with a tuft of short stiff curved bristles on each side, the whole body with sparse minute hair, the penul- 

 timate segment much less rugate than the others. Moth in September and October; flies ac night. Hibernates 

 as egg. Distributed from Carhithia and Istria through Daimatia, the Northern Balkan- States to Asia Minor and 

 Armenia, also in Southern Hungary (Orsova). 



12. Genus: ^iaiiiriiia Schrank. 



Tongue absent. Palpi verj^ small, completely hidden in the wool of the frons and fore legs. Antemiae 

 of (5* quadripectinate to the apex, the pectinations long, becoming gradually shorter distally, the apical ones 

 of each segment only distinctly shorter than the proximal ones of the same segment on the distal segments; 

 in the $ also quadripectinate, but the apical processes of each segment shorter than the segment, often reduced 

 to pointed teeth; the shaft of both sexes ventrally with a broad median stripe which is less hairy than the 

 sides, but still bears numerous small hairs, the distal segments more or less distinctly produced below at the 

 apex. Spur (epiphysis) of fore tibia of cj long, of $ quite short and rounded apically. Tarsi smoothly scaled, 

 with numerous obliquely directed spines. Paronychium and pulvillus well developed. Forewing with three 

 subcostal branches, the first quite short, subapical, the second not downciu'ved at the apex, the stalk of the 

 subcostals branches off at almost the same level as the upper median branch, cell closed, cross-vein incurved; 

 costal vein of huadwing into the apex, not into the costal margin, subcostal distally of the middle of the cell ; 

 ocellus ringed, almost identical on both sides and both mngs. — Larva with six rows of warts bearing spines 

 and bristles, the bristles in the later stages club-shaped. Prothorax and segment 12 with only four warts 

 (apart from the small warts above the legs), the dorsal warts on segment 11 nearly as far apart as on the other 

 segments. Cocoon elongate-ovate, grey to dark brown, the opening at the thin end closed by a double weir, 

 the outer weir longer than the inner one. Pupa clumsy, abdomen not dowiicurved; cremaster obtuse, faintly 

 but distinctly bipartite, its bristles slightly curved, sparse in the median depression, more numerous laterally 

 and forming a loose bundle on each side at the apex. Moth in the spring. Purely Palearctic, from Armenia 

 and Persia to Portugal and North Africa. — Hermaphrodites are comparatively frequent in this and the next 

 genus but one. 



pyri. S. pyri Schiff. (= pavonia major L., junonia Shair) (31 b). Black-brown, collar white, segments of 



abdomen edged with grey at least above. Median and costal areas of forewing grey, a large basal mark brownish 

 black; on both wings a proximal line, a double discal zigzag line and a submarginal line not reaching the apex 

 and having a broad white or huffish white outer edge, black, the space between the submarginal line and double 

 discal line on both wings at least twice as broad as the light margin and more or less brownish black. 

 Ocellus with black excentric pupil surrounded by a huffish brown or yellow circle, at the proximal side of which 

 there are a white and a dark red lunule, the outer ring of the ocellus black. Beneath more extended grey 

 than above. Larva on kernel and stone fruit, also on Ash, Blackthorn, etc. When yomig black with yellow 

 warts; later on yellowish green, the warts blue or (more rarely) reddish, with club-shaped hairs and spines. 

 Cocoon grey to dark browii. From Southern Portugal — I found the moth near Monchique — and Oranto South 

 Grermany, and eastward through Southern Europe to Persia and Armenia. Hibernates as pupa. Moth in May, 

 comes to the lamp. Distinctly characterised local races are not knowni. On the whole West European spe- 

 cimens are less extended grey than Eastern ones, and the black discal band on the hindwing is usually less 

 developed at the apex. Conspicuous individual aberrations are not common. The grey colour is sometimes 

 very much extended and in other specimens almost entirely suppressed; sometimes there is a very distinct 

 red tone on both wings, rarety the reddish markings are replaced by yellow ones; the lines are now and again 

 partly obsolete, and the ocellus may be distorted. The following deviations from the normal have received 

 abafii. names, ab. abafii Bord., light specimens in which the grey is replaced by milky white. In ab. invittata Schnltz 

 the double discal line is absent on both wings. The colour of the apical area of the forewing is yellowish instead 

 fuJvesceris. of reddish in ab. fulvescens SchuUz and the basal area brownish yellow. Al). subdiaphana Schultz are very thinly 

 ^pluma. ^^^^^^^ specimens. — For hybrids cf. the genus Eudia. 



