PHhi. -i>. I. wi,^. PERGESA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 257 



(usually red) and below the stigmata a white line; head and upperside of horn reddish. Sometimes the 

 larva for the greater part black. Pupa elongate, with 2 distinct frontal tubercles, the proboscis-sheath some- 

 what enlarged at the base. Food-plants: Galium, Linaria, Vitis, Antirrhinum, Rumex, etc. Distributed over 

 the whole of America, Africa, a large portion of Asia and Australia. It is worthy of note that the species does 

 not occur on the Malay Archipelago. — livornica Esp. (= koechlini Fuessly) (41 e). Patagia without a livornica. 

 white median streak; abdomen only with 2 large black spots on each side, the other black spots being 

 small. Antenna with brown .scaling, the apex white. Arrives every year in Europe from North Africa 

 and sometimes wanders as far as England and Southern Sweden. Tlie species is very common in its native 

 countries, and has doubtless several broods in tropical Africa. This subspecies, which is really an African one, 

 occurs eastward as far as China and Anterior India. — The Australian form of lineata is livornicoides Luc. ( = 

 australasiae Tutt), whereas true lineata inliabits the whole of America. 



39. Gemis: l*ergesa Walk. 



Palpi rough with long hairs at the sides, the scaling on the inner surface as in Celerio. Eye-lashes much 

 more distinct than in Celerio. Antenna of $ less clubbed than in the preceding genus, of ^ nearly filiform. The 

 spines on the abdomen more numerous and less strongly chitinised than in Celerio. Pulvilhis always present. — 

 Larva not cylindrical as in Celerio, but swollen at the 4th segment and conspicuously tapering from this segment 

 forward ; ground-colour green or dark brown ; on each side of segments 4 and 5 an ocellus ; horn short or almost 

 entirely obsolete. On Galium, Epilobium, Fuchsia, Viti.s, etc. Pupa without gloss, tongue-case carinate at the 

 base; abdominal segments 5, 6 and 7 above and at the sides with a basal transverse row of acute granules; 

 cremaster broad and flattened at the base, ending in a long and slender process which is indented at the tip. — 

 Throughout the Palearctic Region with the exception of the higher North, also in North India, but not repre- 

 .sented either in Africa south of the Sahara or in America or Indo-Australia. 



P. elpenor. Wings entire, fringes without spots. Abdomen yellowish green, a dorsal middle stripe 

 and the underside green, a basal lateral spot black. Forewing like the body, a broad marginal band and two 

 oblique bands red, the proximal band being abbreviated costally. Hindwing proximally black and distally red. 

 Fringes red on the forewing and white on the hindwing. Egg pale green. Larva green or blackish bro^ai, longi- 

 tudinally pencilled M-ith blackish ; ocelli with reniform centre which is open beneath ; horn longer than in por- 

 cellits, blackish brown. Pupation on the ground in a coarse web. Pupa three times as long as broad, greyish 

 brown, dotted with black, wing-cases darker. The moth in Europe in I\Iay and June, early specimens again 

 in the antumn; in the warmer districts of the Pacific district of the Palearctic Region a regular second brood 

 appears to occur from JuH onward. — elpenor L. (= viti.s Oken, porcus Retz., elenor Midi.) (42 a). Distributed elpenor. 

 from Scotland to tlie Pyrenees and east^'ard to the Amur and Korea, the eastern specimens being scarcely 

 distinguishable from the next subspecies (leivisi). In ab. pallida Tutf the ground-colour of the forewing is dull pallida. 

 and the red bands are dull purple or violet, while the distal margin of the hindwing is pale; whereas in ab. 

 virgata Tuft the red colour of the hindwing i.-^ restricted to a band which is situated beyond the centre of the virgata. 

 wing. ab. unicolor TiM has no red bands on the greenish yellow forewing; this extreme form is rare. In ab. unicolor. 

 clara Tutt the red colour is brighter and more extended than in normal specimens, ab. hades Rebel ([Esper, hades. 

 PI. 27] = vautrini Aust.) is based on the very remarkable .specimen figured by Espkr, which has the appearance 

 as if it had become discoloured after death; entirely .^moky brown, the posterior portion of the thorax and the 

 apex of the abdomen red, the remainder of the upperside of the abdomen yellow, ab. daubi Niepelf. is almost daubi. 

 entirely brown without red; forewing with 2 darker bands, marginal area silvery grey. In ab. obsoleta Tutt vbsoleta. 

 the small white discocellular spot of the forewing is absent. — lewisi Bull, is the very bright red, and e.specially lewisi. 

 beneath extended red, form \\hicli inhabits Japan and China. — A further subspecies is macromera Butl. 

 from Assam. 



P. rivularis Bdv. (= fraterna Butl.) (42a). The red portions of the body and wings are shaded with rivularis. 

 brownish yellow, the red colour being but little distinct. This moth is perhaps also only a geographical race of 

 elpenor. Known from Sikkim to Chitral and southward found at Karachi. 



P. porcellus. Fringes spotted Mith brown. Abdomen without black spot at the base. Thorax red. 

 \vithout pale border to the pronotum. Costal margin of the hindwing beneath as well as the costal and distal 

 margins of the forewing above red; hindwing above blackish at the base, greenish j'ellow in the centre and red 

 at the distal margin. Larva similar to that of e^pewor, the ocelh round, not reniform, the horn only indicated. 

 Pupa longer than in elpenor, the frontal tubercles acute; abdominal segments 5, 6 and 7 with a basal row of 

 pointed granules, the row dorsally somewhat curved for\^ard and the granules dorsally less numerous and less 

 elevate than laterally. Tliroughout the western Palearctic Region eastward as far as Transcaucasia, not in 

 the high North. — porcellus L. (= ? bombyliformis L.) (42 a). Rather variable. In ab. clara Tutt the red por- porcellus. 

 tions are carmine, and the markings of the hindwing are sharply defined, ab. scotica Tutt like clara, the trans- '''"''f- 

 verse hnes very distinct and the median area and distal marginal band of the hindwing somewhat darkened, 

 ab. hibernica Tutt, erected for specimens from the West of Ireland, does not appear to be confined to Ireland; tiihcmica. 



II 33 



