286 CERURA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 



mencing at the second clot and upon which follow 4: black transverse spots in cellule 1 b, a subapical band extend- 

 ing from the costal margin to vein -t, a small discal spot followed by two narrow transverse stripes, and some 

 innermarginal dots ; the black dots at the tips of the veins are larger posteriorly. There are also some orange- 

 yellow spots present, viz., at the costal margin between the last costal dot and the subapical band, at the margin 

 close to the anal angle, and two smaller ones in cellule 1 b at the inner margin of the transverse band. Hind- 

 wing white. Southern France and North-Eastern Spain. — Larva similar to that of C. bicuspis, the red-brown 

 dorsal marking not interrupted laterally, two white-centred black lateral spots on abdominal segments 2 and 7. 

 June and autumn on species of Salix. ■ — The name of the species is a misnomer, being derived from a plant 

 on which the larva does not feed. During recent years the species has become much rarer in collections than 

 formerly. It is doubtless a local insect in contradistinction to most of its congeners. 



aeruginosa. C. aeruginosa CAri'si. (44 b). Antennae rust-yellow with dark brown branches ; body likeAvise yellowish, 



with black markings. Forewing light ochreous with promment black basal dot; the median transverse band 

 almost of even width, being only slightly constricted, its outer edge without sinus, but with some small teeth 

 in front of the hind margin, the edges distuictly darker, black; within the band a thin black transverse line 

 instead of subbasal dots; the subapical band narrow, continued from vein 5 as a dentate line; marginal dots 

 sharply marked. Hindwing with dark discal spot, ill-defined median shadow, and sharp black marginal spots. 

 — Sarepta. Issyk-kul. Larva until autumn (Sept.) on Willow (Salix stipularis), very similar to the larva of 

 C. furcula. Pupa in a hard cocoon on the bark of Willows. Moth in June. 



intercalaris. C. intercalaris Gr.-Grsh. Allied to aeruginosa Christ. Antennae black; head, prothorax and forewing 



light yellowish grey; the transverse band narrow, proximally sinuate, distally almost straight, narrowly edged 

 with oclu-eous; the other wing-markings but very slightly indicated, the discal spot absent. Abdomen and 

 hindwing paler than the forewing, whitish. — North-East China (Tientsm). 



bicuspis. C. bicuspis Borkh. (=ioxi\c\x\&Fisch.-Waldh.) (44b). The black transverse band of the forewing very 



prominent and cpiite unicolorous, without lighter shade, deeply constricted before centre, its margins hardly 

 darker, with slight yellow borders; the subapical band likewise deep in colour, marginal dots large and sharply 

 defined. The black belts of the abdomen sharp, only narrowly interrupted. In Central Europe, from the Carpa- 

 thians, Eastern Alps and the northern districts of Switzerland to Sweden and Finland, also in England, but 

 not in Holland, everywhere rare, in April-May and again in August. Eastwards to Moscow and Kasan. — 

 infumaia. The East-Siberian form, infumata Stgr., from the Ussuri district, has the wings strongly darkened by smoke- 

 colour, the black markings, however, remaining prominent, by which character it is easily distinguished from 

 lanigera, which occurs together with infumata. Its larva does not differ from European specimens and feeds 

 transiens. like these on Birch. — The East-Russian form transiens Kridik., described from the district of Viatka, is a 

 japonica. transition from true bicuspis to the East-Siberian infumata. — Japanese specimens, japonica form. nov. (44 c), 

 are similar to transiens, differing from infumata likewise in their paler colouring, but represent perhaps a distinct 

 species. — Larva yellowish green, with red dots; the triangular red-brown thoracical spot has whitish edges 

 and is separated from the similarly coloured dorsal stripe of the abdomen; this stripe is narrow on segment 

 1, where it commences, widened to the spiracles on segment 4, then narrowed, and again widened at the apex 

 of the abdomen, ending in a small black spot; anal filaments with broad red-brown rings. July to September, 

 especially on Birch, more rarely on Aspen and Alder. — This species comes undoubtedly very close to the North- 

 American borealis Bdv. 



lanigera. C. lanigera Butl. (44 b as lonigera). Closely allied the dark East -Asiatic infumata, a form of bicuspis; but 



the forewing, especially its centre, still somewhat darker in tint, the bands therefore being less prominent ; the 

 transverse band strongly constricted, as in bicuspis, but not in all the sj^ecimens according to Leech. Amur- 

 land, Corea and Japan, rather abundant throughout Amurland. Larva very similar to that of bifida, feeding 

 like this on Aspen until the autumn, more rarely on AVillow and never on Birch. The pupa sometimes hibernates 

 pulvigera. twice. — In Armenia (Lagodechi) occurs pulvigera Stgr.. which its author places as a variety of this species; 

 the upperside of the wings is dusted with deeper black, the median band is a little broader and distally excised, 

 and the underside is of a lighter tint. 



furcula. C. furcula Clerck (= bicuspis Bdv., fuscinula Dup., occidentalis Lintn., salicis Lenn.) (44c). The blackish 



grey median band is sharply edged with black, its distal sinus usually extends only to the apex of the cell; beyond 

 the middle 3 parallel dentate lines. Almost throughout Europe, northward to Lapland, southward to Central 

 Ital}' and Portugal, eastward found in northern Asia Minor, Amurland, Northern China, and Corea; occurs also 

 in North America. In Central-Europa usually 2 broods, the first in May and June, the second in August. — • 



horcalis. In borealis Borkh. (^^c), from Lapland and Northern Russia, thorax and wings are blackish smoke-colour; spe- 

 sangaica. cimens from Amurland also are somewhat darker than those from Central and Southern Europe. — sangaica 

 Moore, which inhabits North and Central China, is distinguished by its narrower median band. — Egg black. 

 The larva at first blackish, later stages yellowish green clotted with red, a large patch on the thorax and con- 

 tinuous with it dorsal spots on abdominal segments 1 — 8 dark red-brown; the spot on segment 4 largest, extend- 

 ing sidewaj's to the stigmata. Head of the same colour as the spots. Anal filaments with red-brown rhigs. 



