298 HUPODONTA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 



hairs ; 1 6 feet ; on abdominal segment 8 a broad pyramidal tubercle which ends in a short point ; head broad 

 and flat. Pupa in the ground in a silk-lined cell, slender, cylindrical, with a short bifid fork at the anal end. 

 • — The genus is holarctic and extends southward to India and California. The area of distribution of the two 

 species found in Europe reaches to East Asia, two other species being found in Central Asia, while a fifth 

 from the southern Himalayas connects the Palearctic and Indian faunas. 



tremula. P. tremula 67. (= dictaea Esp.) (45 f). Head and thorax grey or predomhaantly browii, abdomen 



greyish brown. Fore«'ing whitish, brownish at the margms, beyond the middle of the costal margin 2 black 

 longitudinal smears, which often merge together in the shape of a band, a black longitudinal line in front of 

 the hind margin from the base to the distal margin; below vein 1 a long white wedge-spot extending to the 

 distal margm, its distal end being filled in with a dark colour; apical portions of veins 2- — 4 white. Hmdwing 

 whitish, blackish along anal angle, within this black colour a narrow white marginal line. ■ — Throughout Central 

 Europe, northward to the Baltic provinces of Russia, southward to Northern Spain, Central Italy, Southern 

 Russia, Armenia; also in Amurland. Egg moderately convex, miniitely punctate, light green or yellowish green. 

 The larva m two colour- varieties : either glossy light green with whitish dorsum, red-browii transverse bar on the 

 tubercle, orange-yellow longitudinal line below the spiracles and red stigma-spots, or uniformly brown-red. In 

 both varieties the stigmata are black witli white border. June to October on species of Pojiulus and Salix, 

 also on Birch. Pupa dark brown, in the ground in a hard cell Imed with silk. Moth plentiful everywhere, in 

 May and July — August. In the North only one brood. 



dictaeoides. P. dictaeoides Esp. ( ? = gnoma F.) (45 f). Very similar to tremula, usually somewhat smaller, the 



white wedge-spot below vein 1 of the forewing shorter and entirely white, without dark scaling in it. Anal 

 angle of liindwing brownish without white marginal line. In the Higher Alps occurs a dark form of this species, 

 leonia. ab. leonis<S'<«'c7(., which is scarcely distinguishable from theArctic formfrigidaZe^i. (45f)fromLapland, in which 

 frigida. ^}^p wedge-spot of the forewing is grey instead of white. — Throughout Central Europe, northward to Lapland, 

 southward to Southern France, Northern Italy, Croatia, and the Bukovina; East Asia (Amurland). Egg at 

 first whitish green, becoming gradually darker, being finally grey like poppy-seeds. Larva dark brown-red or 

 bright light green, glossy, with blackish transverse bar on the tubercle and broad orange-yellow lateral line, 

 at the upper edge of which the white-edged black stigmata are placed; on the underside a similar yellow longi- 

 tudinal stripe. July to September on Birch. Pupa dark brown. Moth in 2 broods, May — June and again in 

 August. In the North only one brood. 



fasciata. P. fasciata Moore (49 a). Body predominantly grey. Forewing whitish grey, more or less extended 



brownish, with dark brown longitudinal stripes below the outer half of the distal margin and below the cell, the 

 huid margin also being dark brown; fringes of both wings with dark spots. Hindwing whitish, with dark 

 brown anal angle and narrow brown edge. — Kashmir (Dharmsala), and North India. Larva light green, with 

 a dorsal row of red spots, which are largest on segments 7 — 11 and sometimes merge together to form a red- 

 brown stripe from segment 4; this segment with dorsal tubercle; head striped with dark red; legs light red. 



buddhista. P. buddhista Pilng. (49 c). Thorax grey, with dark transverse band, abdomen greyish brown. Fore- 



wing as in tremula, but somewhat broader, the light (yellow) basal spot situated below the sharply white-edged 

 black longitudinal stripe broader, the projection of dark scales of the hind margin larger; the black longitudinal 

 smear below costal margin interrupted in the centre and from its proximal end an obsolescent, feebly dentate, 

 dark line runs to the hind margin; beyond this line to the apex the wing is paler in colour, the distal margin 

 being darker. Hindwing greyish brown, the anal angle darkened and proximally bounded by a pale tint. — 

 Tibet (Amdo). 



tephro- P. tephroxantha Pilng. (49 b). Closely related with P. buddhista. Forewing yellowish grey, lighter 



xanltia. ijgyond the postdiscal band, some black costal dots before the apex; the hind margin with a pale edge from 



the base to the tooth of dark scales, the distal marginal area bounded by black. Hindwing yellomsh white, 



with darkened hind margin. — Turkestan (Kuku-Nor). 



juUieni. P. jullietii Oherth. (49 d). Very close to tephroxantha (= $ of it ?). Thorax and forewing ashy grey, 



abdomen brownish, antenna light ochreous brown. Forewing dusted with black scales, without distuict pre- 

 discal band, a black basal longitudinal streak posteriorly edged with white; postdiscal band black, sharply 

 dentate, beyond the middle a long black subapical spot interrupted by some white costal dots; margmal line 

 black. Hindwing pale brownish grey, edged with black at the anal angle. —East Turkestan: provmce of Semire- 

 chinsk. 



19. Genus: IIii|>4»«l4>iita Butl. 



Its nearest relatives are Pheosia Hhn. and Notodonta 0. ; the forewing broader and without tooth of 

 scales at the hind margin. Pectinations of (J-antenna essentially longer. — Oriental Region and East Asia. 



