300 NOTODONTA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 



edged; marginal area more or less distinctly rust -brown around a dark longitudinal streak, the rather broad 

 submarginal band also bright rust-brown. Hindwing grey-brown or predominantly grey. In specimens whose 

 ground-colour is faded on account of age or is not properly developed, the bright markings are very prominent, 

 as in our figure on PI. 46 a. On the other hand, quite fresh specimens are almost uniformly black-brown, being 

 so dark that the markings are hardly visible. .Such a si^ecimen is represented on PI. 56 d. — Central Europe, 

 northward to Esthonia and Livonia, southward to Catalonia and Northern Italy ; Armenia ; according to Graeser 

 also in Amurland. ■ — Larva yellowish green or brovtai-red, in both cases with a dark red-bro%vn dorsal stripe 

 from head to abdominal segment 4; segments 1 — 4 of abdomen each with a large dark red-brown tubercle; an 

 interrupted dark longitudinal marking laterally above the legs. July — August on Willow, Birch, Hazel and 

 Alder. Pupa black-brown, in a cell in the ground. Moth May^ — June and Julj^- — August. Some of the pupae 

 of the summer-brood hibernate. In the Baltic provinces only one brood. 

 ziczac. N. ziczac L. (45 g). Basal half of forewing light yellowish brown, the central costal area white-grey 



in between at dark transverse Ime and the large arcuate black discal spot, beyond the discal spot a broad dark 

 cloud distally bounded by a pale dentate line; in the marginal area a slightly undulate dark submarginal line 

 (listally pale-edged and curving basad below costal margin in the shape of a black longitudinal stripe; margmal 

 line and hind margin black. Hindwing paler or darker greyish brown. The black markings of the forewing 

 sometimes dark brown, but never paler. Central and Northern Europe, southward to Spain, Corsica, Central 

 Italy, northern parts of Asia Minor. Accordmg to Gr.\eser also in Amurland. — A pale form with the ground- 

 pallida. colour of the forewing ochreous instead of brown has been obtained in Central Asia: pallida subsp. iwv. (45 g). 

 — Egg green. Larva pale red to violet, with a strong tubercle on abdominal segments 2 and 3 and a dark dorsal 

 line commencing at the head as in N. dromedarms; both the tubercle and the dorsal stripe are edged with 

 white; dark specimens moreover, have white spots and oblique stripes on the back, as well as a white side- 

 line on a level with the spiracles, the Ime being especially distinct on the thorax; head narrow and high, 

 rather deeply ijicised at the vertex. June — -July and August — October, on Popuuls and Salix. Pupa dark 

 brown, with two anal points, in a hard cocoon in or on the ground. Moth in 2 broods, April — May and 

 July — August. In the North only one brood. 

 jankowskii. N. jankowskii Oberth. (46 a). Similar to iV^. dromedarius, but larger. The ground-colour of the forewing 



is a lighter grey, the two dentate bands are less prominent, the red-brown markings are pronounced red and 

 more sharply developed, especially the discal spot; the tooth of scales at the hind margin blackish grey. An- 

 tenna of ,^ only with short cilia. ■ — Amurland and Ussuri district. Moth end of July. 



dembowskii. N. dembovvskll Oberth. (45 g). Likewise allied to N. dromedarius, somewhat larger, forewing light 



brownish grey, the hind margin pale yellow between the two dentate bands, a similar light spot at the costal 

 margin beyond the outer transverse band; discal spot sharply defined, black with whitish border; basal area 

 at hind margin and the subma,rginal band reddish.' — -Ussuri district, Askold, Amurland, Japan. Moth early 

 in July, larva on Birch. 

 graeseri. N. graescr! <S7gr)-. (46 a). Distinguished by the ,^ -antenna being only shortly pectinated and the strongly 



uicurved basal portion of the hind margin of the forewing. This wing grey with yellow basal spot bounded 

 by a dark double line; the prediscal band double and very promment, thepostdiscal one simple; discal spot small 

 and not standing out much; at the commencement of the submarguial band a dark costal spot. Hindwing 

 whitish, browaiish at anal margin, with a strongly abbreviated dark submarginal band.— Ussuri district; Japan. 



aliena. N. aliena Stgv: (46 a). Closely related to N. graeseri; the .^-antenna as in that species, the hind margin 



of the forewing still more strongly incurved; the basal dentate band of the forewing distinct, the prediscal one 

 strongly curved outward beyond the cell, closely approachmg the postdiscal band; the light-bordered dark 

 discal spot distinct; the entire basal area, as far as the prediscal band, with the exception of the costal margin, 

 is occupied by a reddish yellow patch which bears broad dark brown longitudmal clouds. Hindwing with a 

 broad dark band. ■ — Ussuri district; Japan. 



amoldi. N. arnoldi Oberth. Nearly allied to N. graeseri and aliena, especially to the former. Ground-colour of 



forewing reddish grey-brown, the costal area more grey, the basal patch reddish, the basal and prediscal dentate 

 bands, the discal spot, and the postdiscal and submarginal bands red-brown, the submarginal band placed as 

 in graeseri and likewise pale-edged on the distal side; a dark .subapical spot at the last third of costal margin. 

 Hindwing yellowish brown, with a sharply defined blackish transverse band and black marginal line. • — Man- 

 churia. 



anceps. N. aticeps Goeze (= trepida Esp., tremula Hhi. nee CI.) (46b). Attaining a considerable size, particu- 



larly in the $. Forewmg greenish grey, usually lighter (whitish grey) in the anterior half of the discal area and 

 at the submarginal band, with a basal, pre- and postdiscal black dentate band, which are sometimes rather 

 obsolescent; the light-edged dark discal spot prominent; the submarginal band composed of dark brown dashes 

 and spots. Hindwing whitish grey or browaiish grey. — In Europe from the North to Spain, Corsica, Central 

 Italy, Southern Russia; also in Armenia, and (according to Graeser) in Amurland. Egg greenish white. 

 Larva stout, cylindical, smooth and without tubercles, yellowish green, with 4 dorsal sulphur-yellow longitu- 

 dinal lines, the lateral ones being separated into spots; moreover, with yellow, posteriorly red-bordered oblique 



