GANGARIDES; PHALERA. By Dr. K. Grunbeeg. 311 



shaded with grey; 3 diffuse narrow dark brown transverse bands, prediscal, discal and postdiscal, the two first 

 converging behind and meeting each other at the hindmarginal tooth, the third parallel with the central one ; 

 close before the apex of cell two rounded yellow spots; fringes whits between the veins. — ^East Asia, Southern 

 Amurland, North China, Japan. The larva smooth and glossy, whitish green, with large globular head and 

 yellow lateral oblique stripes. In the antumn on Oak. The moth in June and July, rare in most places. 



N. splendida Oherth. (47 c). Smaller than cristata, forewing with the margin more evenly undulate, splendida. 

 and without lobe of .scales at the hind margin; only 2 transverse lines, which meet in the centre of the hind 

 margin. Head, collar and costal edge of forewing whitish. The ground-colour of the forewing grey-brown, 

 the hind margin broadly ochreous yellow; at the proximal side of the large yellow discal spot 2 small dark 

 brown ones. Hindwing dark brown, with the fringes ochreous yellow. — Ussuri district; China. 



N. niveiceps Walk. A form from the boundary between the Palcarctic and Oriental Regions. Head niveiceps 

 and tliorax light brown, very strongly mixed with white, especially vertex and collar. Abdomen bright ochreous 

 brown. Forewing liglit grey-brown, with a brown diffuse discal spot and likewise indistinct dark postdiscal 

 band. Easily distinguished from the closely allied East-Asiatic cristata by the essentially deeper marginal sinus 

 between veins 6 and 4 in the forewing. — ■ North- Western Himalayas (North Hindostan). 



37. Genus: C«aiig;ari<le»i Moore. 



This genus has until lately been united with the Eupterotidae, but undoubtedly belongs to the Notodon- 

 tidae. Like the preceding genera it is essentially Oriental and reaches only the boundary of the Palearctie Re- 

 gion. Only one .species is known. 



Antennae of cJ and $ with very long pectinations, the branches however becommg suddenly small 

 shortly before the apex. Palpi obliquely upturned almost to the height of the vertex, broad with scaling, end-seg- 

 ment small. Proboscis small. Ej^es naked. Tibiae with long and very dense crests of hair. Forewing broad, 

 apex produced and sharp, distal margin rather straight, distinctly undulate, hind margin almost straight. In 

 the forewing vein 5 from the centre of the discocellulars, 6 a.nd 7 from the upper angle of cell, 8, 9 and 10 

 on a long stalk which ana.stomoses with 7 in a point, a long areole being formed. In the hindwing vein 5 as in 

 forewing, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 connected with middle of cell by a very short and indistinct transverse vein. 



P. roseus Walk. (= dharma Moore, vittipalpis Walk.) (29 c). Antennae light brown. Palpi grey, with rosetis. 

 dark brown uppersicle. The ground-colour of the body and wings a rather bright cinnabar red whicli is quite 

 pure in tint in the centre of the thorax, on the abdomen and hindwing, while the patagia and forewing have 

 a golden brown to light greyish brown colouring. Forewing with white-edged black discal dot and 4 blackish 

 transverse lines, the first subbasal angulate, second before and third beyond apex of cell, and the fourth from 

 the apex obliquely to the hind margin; this last line accompanied on its proximal side by a narrow white border, 

 which is widened to a small but prominent spot close to the hind margin. Underside pale yellowish grey-brown, 

 reddish only in the centre of the forewing and at the abdominal margin of the hmdwmg, both wings with black 

 discal dot, which is bordered with white in the hindwing. — Anterior India and Sunda Islands, occurs in Kashmir 

 on Palearctie territory and extends in the eastern Himalayas to the frontier of Tibet. 



38. Genus: I*lialera /^6w. 



Antennae shortly serrate in (^ with long fascicles of cilia, in $ simply setiform. Palpi hardly reaching 

 beyond the hair of the frons. Proboscis feebly developed. Eyes naked. Thorax with dense hair and scalmg, 

 with a broad crest-like transverse elevate scaling in front of the hind margin. Abdomen, which is clothed witli 

 dense smooth hair, very long in proportion to the exceptionally short and broad thorax, which appears espe- 

 cially clumsy because the head is retracted into the thorax. Legs with long dense hair; hind tibia with mid- 

 and end-spurs. Forewing rather broad, triangular, broader m $ than in ^, apex and liind angle rounded, hind 

 margin smooth. Veins 6, 7, 8, 9 stalked, 10 from cell, anastomosing for a short distance with the stalk of 

 7, 8, 9 or beyond 7 with 8, 9, a long areole being formed. Hindwing broad and evenly rounded, veins 3 

 and 4 together from lower angle of cell or on a short stalk, 6 and 7 on a somewhat longer stalk. — Larva elong- 

 ate-cylindrical, with 16 feet and without tubercles; hair rather dense, soft and long. Gregarious but without 

 web en various deciduous trees; the young larvae eat holes into the leaves. They disperse before pupation. 

 Pupa without cocoon in the ground, glossy, coarsely punctuated and grooved, with 2 strong points at the anal end. 



The typical representative of the genus in the Palearctie Region is Ph. bucephaki, the well-known Buff-tip, 

 which is common everywhere. The very characteristic style of marking of this moth is repeated in its essentials 

 in the other three Palearctie species and also represented at least by the more or less distinct apical patch of 

 the forewing in the exceptionnally large species which occur in India. When at rest the wings are so closely 

 wrapped round the cylindrical body that the thorax and the buff patch simulate the ends of a broken off piece 

 of a twig and the silvery grey forewing its bark. Freshly emerged specimens have a slight musk scent. 



