312 PHALERA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 



bucephala. P. bucephala L. (47 fl), Buff-tip. Head, collar and centre of thorax bro^mish yellow, patagia greyish 



white witli a black-brown double basal edge, on the transverse crest 2 black-brown transverse lines, hind margui 

 greyish white. Abdomen yellowish grey to yellowish brown. Forewing greyish brown, broadly w^hite at the 

 base and along the hind margin, with prediscal dark brown and black double band; at the apex a large oval 

 yellow patch reaching down to vein 4, proximally bordered by a dark red-browii semicircle, and traversed 

 below the apex by a broad dentate dull ochreous submarginal spot; the black postdiscal band semicircular 

 in the costal half, parallel with the dark border of the apical patch, and then dentate, accompanied on 

 the outer side by a dark brown line; discal spot whitish; the scaling with a strong silkj^ gloss, excepting the 

 apical patch. Hindwing whitish grey, with a very slight indication of a dark median band. On the underside 

 both wings have a prominent black-brown discal band, forewing moreover ^vith a black-browia marginal line. 

 Throughout Europe with the exception of the Arctic Region and Greece; also in North-East Africa, Asia IMinor, 

 Siberia to East Asia. In Central Europe abundant everywhere in May and June, a second brood in July and 

 August appears regularly only in the South. — ■ In Norway and Southern Sweden, also in England occurs a 

 ienebrata. dark form, tenebrata Strand, in which the white colouring of the forcM'ing is more or less strongly reduced, par- 

 demaculata. ticularly in the median area, while the hindwing is paler or darker grey. In ab. demaculata Strand (47 d) the 

 hncephalina. pale discal spot of the forewing moreover is absent. — bucephalina Stgr., which represents the species in Western 

 Morocco, is also characterised by a darker colouring of the ground. In addition, the discal spot is more promi- 

 nent and the apical patcli larger, in which characters this form approaches the next species, bucephaloides. —^ 

 inhilijens. In the East-Asiatic infulgens Graes. (47 d), which is common in the Amur and Ussuri districts, the whole fore- 

 wing is uniformly whitish grey without gloss, the anterior half being hardly darker than the hind margin; the 

 hindwing is somewhat narrower. — ■ Egg strongly, convex green with darker top and paler base. Larva orange- 

 yellow, with glossy black head and yellowish grey hair, as well as black longitudinal stripes interrupted bet- 

 ween the segments, 5 stripes dorsally and 2 laterally, between the latter pair the black spiracles are placed. 

 Underside black with broad yellow median stripe, abdominal legs black outside and yellow inside. June to 

 October, on Salix, Poplar, Birch, Lime and Oak. Pupa glossy black-brown, sometimes hibernating twice. 



bucephala- P. bucephaloides O. (47 d). Differs from the very similar bucephala in the more uniform distribution 



ides, gf (^i,p silver}^ scaling on the forewing, the lai"ge yellow prominent discal spot and the larger and somewhat lighter 

 apical patch. Moreover, the dark discal band is absent on the underside. Southern France, Lower Austria, 

 Galicia, Hungary to Dalmatia, Balkan countries. Southern Russia and Syria. — ■ Egg milky white with grey 

 base and grey pole. Larva reddish yellow, the intersegmental incisions conspicuously reddish, the whole body 

 densely covered with white dots which are very promment, especially on the black longitudinal stripes, which 

 are thereby rendered rather indistinct. Stigmata black, bordered with white, from each stigma a short white 

 stripe extends forvvard. Underside pale; abdominal legs black on outside. On abdominal segment 8 a dome- 

 shaped protuberance, on the anal segment a glossy black spot which encloses 2 small pale tubercles. August 

 and September, on Oak. Pupa dull black-brown with rough surface. Moth in June and July. 



assimilis. P. assimilis Brern. <fc Grey (= ning-poana Feld., staudingeri Alph., fuscescens Butl.) (47 e). The 



third of species resembling bucephala, inhabits East Asia. Forewing rather evenly silver-grey, only slightly 

 darkened at the costal margin, near the base with a black band which is absent from the two allied species; 

 the yellow apical patch not extending along the distal margin, but distally reduced from close below apex, 

 therefore not oval but huiiform; discal spot only slightly indicated. Hindwing dark grey-brown. — ■ Amur- 

 land, China (Tsingtau), Corea and Japan, in many localities rare. 



alpherakyi. P. alpherakyi Leech. Allied to P. assimilis. Forewing brownish grey, with several dark dentate bands, 



of which the subbasal one is distinctest; apical patch yellow, proximally with white border and encircled by 

 the postdiscal double band; discal spot white with black centre. Hindwing dark brown, with diffuse pale trans- 

 verse band. — Pu-tsu-fong. 



flavescens. P. flavescens Brem. <k Grey (= andreas Oherth.) (47 c). Head and thorax pale greyish yellow, ab- 



domen j'cUowish brown, in (^ with a grey spot on the last segment. Forewing pale greyish yellow, with several 

 indistinct brownish transverse dentate bands, near base below cell a circular grey spot distally bordered by a 

 black halfmoon; below the somewhat lighter apex commences a broad grey marginal band extending to the 

 hind margin and bordered on the proximal side with black lunules bearing a dark red proximal line. Hind- 

 wing with a broad dark brown submarginal band. Ussuri district, Corea, Japan, China. — Larva (according 

 to Gr.\ESEr) in the Ussuri district in August — September on varions deciduous trees, especially Birch ; similar 

 in shape to the larva of bucephala, gregarious like this until dispersing tor pupation, and with the some charac- 

 teristic rest-attitude. Uniformly dull black, with the incisions somewhat reddish, clothed with rather dense 

 and soft yellow hair; on each side two very thin yellowish longitudinal lines, between which the velvety black 

 spiracles are placed. Underside black, with thin j'ellow median line, a slight reddish tint between each pair 

 of legs. The pupa hibernates. 



