382 SYNANTHEDON. By M. Bartel. 



are parallel with the costal margin, 1 a distinct, with a short loop at the base, 1 b atrophied. In the 

 vitreous hindwing the inner branch of the submedian vein is vestigial to the outer area, veins 3 and 4 on 

 a short stalk, cross-vein oblique. — Larvae cylindrical, usually the thoracic segments slightly incrassate; 

 bone-yellow, with single small hairs on warts; the head and pronotum brownish. They hibernate generally twice, 

 and live in trees and shrubs. The pupae are slender. — Type: vespiformis L. 



acoliae- S. scoliaeformis Borkh. (51c). \V'ings with the margins and veins black; forewing with very broad 



formis. deep black median spot which projects basad. Stigma of hindwing rather conspicuous endmg very thin post- 

 eriorlj'. Body black-blue. Palpi orange, black on outside. Frons with silvery white bands in front of tlie eyes. 

 Antennae extended whitish yelloAv before the apex. Patagia yellow at the inner margin. Abdomen with narrow 

 yellow belt on hind edge of segment 2 and a broad one on 4, the latter occupying the whole segment on the 

 UTulerside; the lateral margins of 1 — 4 with j'ellow scaling, 5 beneath partly whitish; hind margins of 5, 

 6 and in ,^ also 7 orange beneath. Anal tuft orange-yellow. Fore femur extended yellow on outside; mid 

 and hind tibiae with a broad black-blue ring before the apex. Distributed over the greater part of Central 

 and North Europe (with the exception of the higher North), from Western France to the Ural, southward 

 to Piedmont and Southern Russia (Malmish), northward to Lapland and Finland, but local and not often 

 met with, as the habits are but imperfectly known. Very rarely aberrant specimens have been obtained in 

 which the transparent spaces are coffee-brown. — Larva cylindrical, dirty white, the dorsal vessel shining 

 through red-brown, the pronotal jjlate yellowish brown and the head dark red; length 35 — 40 mm. It lives 

 mostly in the lower portions of old trunks of Birch (Betula) which have thick bark, and here it is found between 

 the wood and bark, being most frequent on damp ground. It hibernates twice, makes irregular tunnels and 

 changes in a dense brown, elongate-oval cocoon which is made of gnawed bits of bark and inwardly densely 

 lined with silk, the cocoon having a lid. Pupa yellowish brown, with thin head-point, and a belt of 6 — 8 spikes 

 at the rounded anal end. The moths in June and July. 



mcsiae- S. mesiaeformis H.-Schdff. (52 a). Near spheciformis, but distinguished at once by the white bands 



formis. g^j j-j^p eyes. The moth, moreover, is much slenderer, the colouring of the body and wings darker, more nearly 

 similar to that of scoliaeformis. Antennae extended yellowish white before the apex, rusty red below and on 

 inside. Palpi golden yellow, black above and on outside. Patagia with golden yellow inner margin: on each 

 side of metathorax a yellow tuft of hair. The yellow hind margins of abdominal segments 2 and 4 widened 

 into a spot at the sides, the belt of 2 laterally continued on to the first segment, segments 4 and 5 of (^ 

 beneath entirely yellowish white; in the $ only segment 4 entirely yellow beneath. Anal tuft uniformly 

 blue-black, at most slightly mixed with yellow beneath in the middle. Tibiae and tarsi golden yellow, the latter 

 black-blue at the base and with a broad yellow ring near the apex. The o especially remarkable for the ab- 

 domen being strongly compressed laterally. — Banat, Herzegovina, Southern and South-Eastern Russia 

 and the adjacent districts of Siberia. The larva lives exactly like that of scoliaeformis in Alder (Alnus glutinosa) 

 according to M. Standfuss. 



.spheci- S. spheciformis Gerning (51 c). Not so deep black as scoliaeformis. Median spot of forewing almost 



inrmw. \,y one-half narrower and proximally not produced into a point. Abdominal segment 2 posteriorly with a 

 narrow yellow belt which is widened laterally into a spot continued on to segment 1; segment 4 beneath 

 with narrow yellowish white hind border which is widened laterally; incisions of segments 5 and 6 beneath 

 often with yellowish scales. Anal brush uniformly black-blue, beneath not or only slightly mixed with yellow. 

 Femora and tibiae black-blue; hind tibia beneath spotted with yellow; tarsi yellow. Distributed over Northern 

 and Central Europe, Northern Italy, Bosnia, Roumania, Southern Russia, Ural Mts. (where I found the 

 species on the wing by day in July 1908 in plantations of Alder), Siberia to Amurland. — The larva 30 — 34 mm 

 long, cylindrical, somewhat flattened on both sides, yellowish white, the dorsal vessel shining through brownish, 

 the head brown-red and the nuchal plate pale brown. It hibernates twice and lives in young and old trunks 

 and shoots of Alder, but also in the tree-stumps. The young larva bores first at the foot of the trunk not very 

 deep into the wood; later on it tunnels deeper towards the roots and then makes an upward tunnel in the 

 stem ending under the bark, where it changes after hibernation in April or May into a light yellow chrysalis. 

 The presence of the larva is easily recognised by the frass being thrown out and lookmg like tree-mould. The 

 moths emerge from the end of May until July. 



ihserla. S. deserta Stgr. (51 c). Near spheciformis, but the distal vitreous area of the forewing narrower al^d the 



median band convex proximally. Frons with white bands in front of the eyes. Hindwing with the cross-vein very 

 slightly incrassate only in the upper portion. Antennae only yellow before the tip in $, uniformly black in ^. 

 Only abdominal segment 4 above with narrow belt, which is whitish yellow in o and yellow in $; segments 1 

 and 2 laterally with whitish yellow dots, 2 above in $ with vestiges of a yellow belt; segment 4 beneath 



