436 HEPIALUS. By R. Pfitznee. 



touches the hiiid margm ; a broader iiregular band runs below the fourth spot, a nan-ovver slightly curved one near 

 themargm. Fringes yellowish browia checkered with dull grey. Hindwing brownish grey with slight mdications of 

 two lighter bands m the outer third of the costal margin; fringes; uniformly yellowish brown. Underside uni- 

 formly grey-broMii, only the anterior edges of the wings with indications of the markings of the upper side. 

 Compared with the cJ the $ is enormously large (almost as large ashumuli), but my specimen is so worn 

 that no description can be made from it (after Ledeeek). Size of o "^8 mm. — Patria : Altai. 



ganna. H. ganna Hbn. (= arcticus Bdv.) (54 f). Like its relatives (macilentus Ev., hyperboreus Moschl., labror- 



doriensis Pack., mattheu'i, wcgrto.f^«.«M, etc.) this species is a Imk of a circumpolar chain inhabiting the Northern 

 countries of Europe, Asia, North America (subgenus Phymatopus Wallgr.). They all have the forewuig more or 

 less reddish brown, rather like that of the Arctiidae on account of the glossy white bands and macular markings. 

 In ganna the bro^ai colour is darkest, more yellowish browni, the spots are often isolated, the hindwing reddish 

 black-brown. — ganna inhabits Northern Europe (Sweden, Russia) to East Prussia, and Eastern Siberia; 

 also the mountains of Central Europe (Alps) from 2500 m upwards. The moths are on the wing in July and 

 August at dawTi. In day-time hidden beneath stones. 



macilenius. H. maciletitus Ev. (64 f). Very closely allied to the preceding species, but larger, lighter (reddish brown), 



the silvery white markings more extended, on the hindwing the marginal area considerably broader and suf- 



gerdci. fused with red. Eastern Siberia, Mongolia (Urga). The aberration gerda Stgr., from Dauria (Apple Mts.), is so 



to speak the gallicus form of macilentus, as its spots are more or less obsolescent, ■while the ground-colour is more 



ochreous brown, gerda thus forming a transition to ganna. 



tupulinus. H. lupulinus L. (54 g). Forewing dark yellowish brown ((J) to grey brown (f^), with white triangle; hind- 



dactcus. wing brown. — dacicus (Jarctd. is the local form from Northern Roumania (Comanesti, Grumacesti). It is 

 iiniformly dark grey, more or less without markuigs. It occurs aberratively also outside Roumania, e. g. in Dal- 

 senex. matia, Caucasus and even England. Much more frequent is the inverse aberration (ab. senex i. 1.) in the British 

 Isles; here the whitish grey or chalky white markings of the upper side are so extended and diffuse that they 

 occupy the entire surface of the wing ^vith the exception of the margins. — Widely distributed but local, Eng- 

 land, Germany, Sweden, Livonia, Italy, Dalmatia, Roumania. Appears m May and June; sometimes a second 

 brood in September. As regards the habits, we know that the (JcJ fly before sunset for a very short time, but 

 very wildly; but Caradja also saw them swarm by day (11a. m.) lookmg for the $9? which rest on the 

 underside of leaves. Larva stout, whitish, semitransparent, head and nuchal plate glossy browii; stigmata 

 black, the raised .spots yellowish bro\vn, each with a short black bristle. Poljrphagous on roots m fields, meadows, 

 and gardens (in England as far as the surburbs of London, not rare). The lar^^a is sometimes mfested by a para- 

 sitic fungus (Cordyceps entomorrhiza Deits); this is also the case among other Hepialid larvae, for 

 instance in New Zealand, where the fungus grows very long, its tip appearing above the ground. Pupa cylmdri- 

 cal, uniformly .stout, with short projecting antennae-cases and short wing-cases, very mobile, five abdommal 

 segments bearing spines; glossy reddish brown or ochreous browii. In a long narrow cocoon in the ground. 

 Before emergmg the pupa leaves the cocoon and comes to the surface. 



hecla. H. hecta L. (= jodutta Esp., nemorosa Esp.) (54 g). ^ light brick-red to dark chestnut, with silver or 



sometimes golden stripes; in rare cases in Northern English and Scotch specimens rows of golden dots at the 



flina. apex of the hindwing, pale brown, with lighter markings. The darkest forms are called ab. Ilina H.-Schdff. 

 (54 h). Northern Europe and Siberia to Japan. The commonest Hepialid, usually found on heaths. The moth 

 appears at the end of June; the ^^ look like large red flies pendulating over the bracken in the last rays of 

 the setting sun; the $$ usually rest on the underside of leaves. Freshly caught o^J emit a curious odour, 

 like fir-cones; it is at once noticeable on opening the collecting box containing a few specimens. The scent- 

 organ is .situated in the tibiae of the hind leg; it consists of glandular cells in consequence of which the tibia 

 is swollen in club-shape. Larva slender, cylindrical, more pointed at the head and tail, body very regularly 

 jointed, each segment being divided into four rings. Pale brown, head darker, segments 2 to 4 somewhat 

 transparent, on each ring two black spots clothed with hair. Stigmata black. Changes but slightly. Extraordi- 

 narily averse to light ; when the hairs are touched very sensitive and wild. In the autumn, preferably in the roots 

 of Pteris aquilina. Pupa slender, uniformly stout, head and thorax slightly outlined, abdominal segments 

 with rows of small hooks. Dark brown, the silver spots shining through the short wing-cases. In a loose 

 cocoon covered with earth, wliich the pupa leaves before the moth emerges. 



mlocoase- H. mlocossewitschi Rom. (54h). Forewing ochreous, a slightly curved stripe at the base, a triangular 



witscht. median spot, a branched band before the outer margin, a small apical spot and a marginal stripe brown, 

 hindw ing brownish yellow. — In South- Western Caucasus, found near the estate of the Grand Duke Nicholas 

 Michailovitch by the forester Mlocossevitch and named after him. 



