NOTES ON SOME COCCIDiI<: OF THE EARLIER WRITERS. 91 



GmeL, is said to be the same. This is Geoffroy's ovai and 

 cottony Cherines of the oak. 



PuLViNARiA BETUL.E (L.) ; CoccHS bcfiila, L,, S. N. X. 1758, 

 p. 455. — Linue in the place cited gives no description, but refers 

 to 'Fauna Suecica.' The latter work informs us that it occurs 

 solitar3'on the branches of B( tula alba, but still gives no descrip- 

 tion. Fabricius says of the insect, " corpus minutum, album," 

 and cites only Linne. I have seen only the ' Fauna Suecica ' of 

 1761, and do not know what an earlier edition may contain; 

 but on the face of things there seems nothing to prove that the 

 Linneau insect is the lUdvinaria hetuhe of Signoret and authors, 

 or even a Pulrinaria. 



PuLviNARiA CARPiNi (L.) ; Coccus carpini, L., S. N. x. 1758, 

 p. 455. — Signoret says this is the same as Reaumur's pi. vi. 

 figs. 5, 9, 11. These three figures are all Pulvinaria, but fig. 5 

 is the type figure of /'. vitis ; fig. 9 is a species on oak, I suppose 

 P. sericca ; fig. 11 is the type figure of /-'. oxyacanthce. It seems 

 ver}'- doubtful whether the Linnean carpini can be identified, 

 but Signoret's carpini is presumably identical with Lecaniuin 

 carpini, Ratzeburg, Forstins. iii. p. 194, pi. ii. f. 6. 



The whole question of the classification of the European 

 species of Pulvinaria needs to be reconsidered, both as to the 

 validity of the species, and the correct application of the names 

 currently assigned to them. 



Lecanium, Illiger, in Burmeister, ' Handbuch der Ento- 

 mologie,' ii. pt. i. 1835, p. 69. — The first species mentioned is 

 L. hesperidum (L.), which must be regarded as the type. Calym- 

 natus, Costa, with the same type, dates from 1827 or 1828, and 

 therefore has priority, unless an earlier publication of Lecanium 

 can be discovered. Scudder, following Agassiz, writes Lecanium, 

 Burm., 1835, in the ' Nomenclator Zoologicus.' 



The following species, hitherto placed in Lecanium, are the 

 more typical members of Calymnatus : — C. hesperidum (L.), C. 

 longulus (Dough), C. minimus (Newst.), C. viridis (Green), C. 

 schini (Ckll.), C. flaveolus (CklL), C. nanus (CklL), C. acuininatus 

 (Sign.), C. terminalice (Ckll.), C. angustatus (Sign.), and a few 

 others. Eulecanium and Saissetia ought probably to be regarded 

 as distinct genera. 



Eulecanium fuscum (Fourc.) ; Chermes fuscus, Fourcroy, 

 1785 ; Coccus fuscus, GmeL, 1788, in part. — Fourcroy's name is 

 based on Geoffroy's account (Ins. Par. i. p. 507, No. 11) ; 

 Geoffroy says the species seems not to difter from that of the 

 elm, but he quotes Reaumur's pi. v. tig. 2, which has the appear- 

 ance of a Kermcs. Douglas (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1887, p. 98) declares 

 that Reaumur's figure represents a Lecanium known to him, 

 even in details of marking ; but to me the shape and mode of 

 attachment to the twig indicate a species of Kermes. Gmelin's 

 account of the insect seems decidedly mixed, and he says of it, 



