144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



The complete change after first ecdysis to tubercle structures 

 with many setae is of great interest. The tubercles are elevated 

 cushions which form a common base for the setae. Dr. Chapman 

 details similar alteration from tubercles with single setae in first 

 skin, to tubercles with numerous setae in Arctia caia ; in the latter 

 species, however, the supra-spiracular tubercle bears two setae in 

 first skin. 



It is unnecessary to detail the structure in each skin ; I noted in 

 third skill that the lOih abdominal segment has two dorsal tubercles 

 with numerous setae. In succeeding skins the tubercles become more 

 setiferous, and the colour and marldngs tend to that of the adult larva. 

 I counted on the abdominal post-trapezoidal tubercles twenty setae in 

 the sixth skin. The skins were changed at 13 days old, to thn-d skin; 

 at 20 days old, to fourth skin ; at 30 days old, to fifth skin ; at 45 days 

 old, to sixth skin. 



Immediately after change into sixth skin the larvae went into 

 hybernation. Three larvae hybernated on the side of a glass jar, 

 and never moved until near completion of hybernation ; they re- 

 mained close to the cast skins. One larva hybernated in its fifth 

 skin, but was restless, and wandered about on warm days ; it 

 changed its skin in about a month, and then settled down quietly. 

 One larva I suspect had not changed its skin, and remained always 

 more or less restless, and would not feed. One larva was in its 

 first skin (hatched same time as the others) when the others 

 went into hybernation ; this simply became defunct. The 

 normal position of the larvae in hybernation is head downwards. 

 Only two larvae recommenced feeding after hybernation, the 

 others appeared too weak to do so, and although they wandered 

 over the food, they did not eat, but died off. The hybernating 

 period lasted 126 days. 



At 19 days after hybernation = 190 days old, change to seventh 

 skin. At 202 days old, change to eighth skin. At 214 days old, one 

 larva commenced to make shroud in which to pupate. At 215 days 

 old the shroud, or loose horizontal cocoon similar to that of Arctia 

 caia, was completed ; a quantity of broken setae are intermixed with 

 the threads. The larva became much contracted, rested on its dorsum 

 within the cocoon, and turned to pupa during the morning at 216 

 days old. 



Seven days later the second larva pupated ; at the same date 

 wild pupae could be obtained ; and five days after this I observed 

 the first wild imago ; and on subsequent days others were 

 noticed. My friend Mr. A. Bacot describes the tubercle setae of 

 certain Liparid larvae as having a bulbous swelling, and that 

 Lithosia complana and L. griseola also have similar setae (Entom. 

 Record, vol x. 74). I carefully examined the setae of Nyctemera 

 annulata for this form of seta, but such was not present ; those 

 setae which are not spinulose throughout their length are simple, 

 i. e. smooth as mentioned. 



