NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 849 



sexes takes place whilst the ovum is being developed, that is to say, 

 part of a male and part of a female germ come together in the form- 

 ation of the egg which is destined to produce a gynandrornorphous- 

 specimen of Lepidoptera. Consequently, he supposes that whenever 

 one such specimen is produced in a brood, there should be another 

 similar one resulting from the other parts of the two germs. As a 

 test of the soundness of his hypothesis, he suggested that experiments 

 should be tried by breeding whole broods from the pgg of such species 

 as Ociieiia ilixpar and Lasidcanipa quercifolia, of each of which several 

 gynandromorphous specimens have been recorded. The results ob- 

 tained by Messrs. Harrison and Main, who, it will be remembered, 

 reared no less than seven gynandrous specimens of Ainphiddsi/s betii- 

 larid, together with some sixty normal male and female examples, from 

 one batch of ova {(Uiti', p. 20B), would seem to indicate that Dorf- 

 meister's theory is worthy of more attention than it seems to have 

 received. A significant fact is, that of the seven gynandrous examples 

 four are male on the right side and three are male on the left side. 

 With regard to the term " hermaphrodite," so often used in referring 

 to specimens of Lepidoptera in which the colours and ornamentation 

 of both sexes are represented, the late Prof . Westwood (Trans. Ent. Soc. 

 London, 1880, p. 113) remarked: — "The term Gynandromorphism was 

 first applied by M. Lacordaire to supersede in Entomology that of 

 Hermaphroditism, the latter term being more strictly applicable only 

 to those animals in which the generative organs of both sexes are 

 normally included in the same individual, but which, nevertheless, 

 require the presence of a second individual of the same species to 

 effect the joint nnpregnation of the two individuals. In insects, gyn- 

 andromorphous specimens, partaking abnormally of the character of 

 both sexes, are generally bilateral ; the sexual distinctive characters 

 (which are for the most part in these instances the secu)t(lar!/ ones) of 

 one sex being exhibited on one side of the body and its organs, and 

 the peculiarities of the opposite sex being seen on the other half of the 

 insect. Of this bilateralism many instances have been recorded, and 

 most extensive collections can boast of the possession of one or more 

 of such 'half and half monsters. Here the gynandromorphism may 

 be termed complete, but specimens of far greater rarity, in which the 

 abnormality is only partial (of which no notice occurs in any of the 

 hitherto published introductions or general works on the science), 

 are now known ; and in my Themunis Entowolof/icits I collected to- 

 gether a number of instances in which, whilst the body of the insect 

 appears to be unisexual, the partial sexual divarication is confined en- 

 tirely to the secondarn sexual characters exhibited by one or more of the 

 wings only. The peculiar import of this strange modification, in a 

 physiological point of view, is very difficult to be understood, and from 

 the great rarity of the individuals, and their small size, we can hardly 

 hope to obtain specimens sufficient for the necessary examination of 

 the characters of the primary and internal sexual organs." 



Notes on the Larva of Eupithecia subfulvata. — E. siihfulrata is 

 not an uncommon insect; but, like other '• pugs," it is by far the best 

 when bred, and it is possible that some of your readers may care for a 

 few hints on the way to find the larva. I was first mtroduced to it 



