193 



MEA^^S OF IXTRODUCTIOX OF IMMIGRANT SpECIES OF 



Encyetidae. 



There are published records of the intentional introduction 

 of only two of onr Hawaiian Enevrtidae, namely TanaomnMix, 

 ahnormis (Giranlt) and Compenella bifasciata Howard, the 

 latter of which was fonnd here before its liberation but has not 

 been seen since. The introduction of Paracop'idosomopsis tntn- 

 caiella (Dalman), and a Chalcaspis species has been reported 

 upon also by Koebele and Craw, but neither of these parasites 

 has been recovered. It is proba])le that Anagyr^ii^ nigriroriiis 

 Tiniberlake was introduced by Koebele, and Pauridia peregrina 

 Tiniberlake may have been brought from China by Compere 

 although we have no definite information on these introduc- 

 tions. As far as we actually know none of our other Encyrtids 

 was intentionally introduced, and probably most of them ar- 

 rived in importations of plants before the days of strict quar- 

 antine. Aphidencyrtus schizoneurae (Ashmead) might, have 

 been brought in importations of cabbage or other vegetal)les 

 from California, and in fact Mr. Fullaway has informed me 

 that several of our Aphidid parasites and hyperparasites were 

 intentionally allowed to escape from material received here in 

 such a manner. Two others of our Encyrtidae, Hclegonatopus 

 pscudophanes Perkins and Saronotum americanwn Perkins, 

 which are parasites of Dryinidae, were probably either acci- 

 dentally or perhaps intentionally liberated, through ignorance 

 of their true nature, from material sent to Honolulu froui 

 Ohio by Koebele in 1903. They are both known to have been 

 reared at Honolulu from the Ohio material, and as they ap- 

 peared in the cane fields a few years later it seems probable 

 that they were introduced at that time. 



Aids in the Establishment of Immigrant Species 

 OF Encyrtidae. 

 When an emigrant species of parasite reaches a new- 

 region it is of course a prerequisite for its establishment that 

 it finds its customary host or one related closely eiiough to act 

 as a substitute. All Enevrtidae so far as known are internal 



