190 Forty-first Report on the State Museum. 



4. He should be able to refer them to the Orders to which they belong in classification, 

 that he might speak or write of them understaodingly and properly —not grouping all 

 under the name of " bugs." The commonly accepted Orders are but seven and may be 

 easily learned. They ai-e these : 



1. Hymenoptera — Bees, wasps, hornets, ants, saw-tlies, etc. 



2. Lepidoptera — Butterflies and moths. 



3. Diptera — Flies, mosquitoes, gnats, etc. 



4. Coleoptera — Beetles. 



5. Hemiptera — Plant-lice, scale-insects, tree-hoppers, etc. 



6. Orthoptera — Crickets, grasshoppers, etc. 



7. Neuroptera — DraRon-flies, May-flies, caddis- worms, etc. 



5. He should know the manner of insect feeding, so as to be able to employ the proper 

 class of insecticides. 



6. He should be informed of the method of preparation and of application of the best 

 insecticides. 



7. He should experiment with such remedies and preventives as his own observation 

 and experience may suggest. 



8. He should avail himself of the publications in economic entomology relating to 

 fruit pests. These have become numerous and can not fail of proving of great service. 



The first three of what I have named as requisites of the successful fruit grower, viz. : 

 Names of insects, recognition of new forms and discrimination between foes and 

 friends — may be largely met by the use, in connection with observation of the living 

 insects, of the volume entitled, " Insects Injurious to Fruits," by William Saunders. It 

 is an exceedingly valuable compil.ation of most that is desirable to be known, for prac- 

 tical uses, of our fruit insects, and has been prepared by a gentleman, whose long 

 experience as a fruit culturist, together with a high reputation as an entomologist, had 

 in every way fitted him for the work which has been so successfully accomplished. The 

 volume — an octavo of over 400 pages, with illustrations on almost every page — is pub- 

 lished by the well-known publishing house of J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, of whom 

 it may be ordered. 



For the fourth requisite— for some knowledge of the orders in which insects are 

 grouped, and in addition, a comprehensive idea of the families in which the orders are 

 divided, I would recommend the purchase of Dr. Packard's " Guide to the Study of 

 Insects." It is a large octavo of over 700 pages, abounding in illustrations, and is well 

 adapted to the wants of those who desire some accurate and general knowledge of the 

 insect world. The eighth edition was published in 1883, by H. Holt & Co., 29 W. Twenty- 

 third street. New York city; price, five dollars. 



For the fifth requisite — a knowledge of the manner of feeding, it is necessary, in the 

 employment of remedies, to be able to distinguish between biting insects, the Mandibu- 

 lata, which are provided with mandibles or jaws, and sucking insects, and the Suctoria, 

 furnished with a proboscis for extracting the sap of plants. The former are killed by 

 the application of poisonous substances to the surface of the leaves or other parts of 

 the plants on which they feed, while the latter, living only on the interior juices, are 

 entirely unaffected by such applications. Of this last class, are all of the plant-lice, or 

 Aphides, the scale-insects, bugs proper, and, in short, all comprising the extensive order 

 of Hemiptera. Against these the strongest arsenical preparations are of no avail, but 

 they are vulnerable to applications that will affect them through their breathing pores, 

 as, for example, kerosene, which closes these pores and produces suffocation. 



Insecticides. 



The sixth reriuisite named, is a knowledge of insecticides, and of the means for 

 applying them. 



Not many years ago the only known methods of combating insect pests were hand- 

 picking, beating from shrubs or jarring from trees on sheets spread underneath, attract- 

 ing to lights or fires, and taking up and burning the infested plants. As insects 



