23 



meiits were also made in tracing the nicotine into the tissues, on the 

 abiUty of coloured liquids containing nicotine to enter the spiracles 

 and alimentary canal, the effect of nicotine as a stomach poison on 

 the tissues and as a fumigant on the nervous system. 



The microscopical examination of the various insects and their 

 tissues is described in detail, and the following conclusions are arrived 

 at : — Nicotine spray solutions do not enter the spiracles, nor do they 

 pass through the integument of insects. Nicotine as a stomach poison 

 seems to be distributed to all the tissues, including the nervous system. 

 Nearly all the nicotine fumes that strike the integument and pass into 

 the tracheae are immediately condensed and these are consequently 

 more or less covered with a fine spray, which is well distributed through 

 the many small tracheal branches to all the tissues, some passing into 

 the cells. The nervous system receives its quota of the fine spray and 

 vapours from the spray, which immediately paralyse the nerve cells, 

 this explaining how odoriferous particles and vapours from nicotine 

 spray solutions kill insects by paralysis. 



A historical review of nicotine, with descriptions of its pharmaco- 

 logical effect on various classes of animals and its physical and 

 chemical effects on living cells is given, and the article closes with 

 a bibliography of 25 works of reference. 



BoRODix (D. N). HaxowAeHJM fleyxij fliii^etflOB-b bij OKpecTHOCTflXi* 

 r. CTaBponOJIfl-KaSKasCKaro. |0n the Discovery of two Egg- 

 parasites in the Environs of Stavropol.] — « JljoSmeJlb flpupoflbl.)* 

 [Friend of Nature], Petrograd, xi, no. 5, May lOKi, pp. 12G 129, 

 3 figs. [Received 22nd November 1916.] 



This note reports the discovery near Stavropol of two egg-parasites, 

 Trichogramma setyiblidis, Aur., and Aphanurus {Telenomus) semistriatiis, 

 Nees, The first-named was observed to attack the eggs of Barathra 

 [Mamestra) brassicae and, to a less degree, those of Pieris rapae. The 

 development of the parasite in the laboratory lasted 15 days. 

 A. semistriatus was reared from eggs of a bug, Eurygaster integriceps, 

 Osh. The parasites were fed in captivity on syrup and survived for five 

 months, during which they were carried in a test-tube from Stavropol 

 to Kiev and back, and thence to Petrograd. They did not attack eggs 

 of Eurydenm ornatum, L. Although E. integriceps was present in 1913 

 in very large numbers in other parts of the government of Stavropol, 

 it was not numerous in the environs of the town of that name, 

 probably owing to the presence of this parasite. 



Meier (N. F.). Ktj 6ionoriM noACOJiHeHHaro ycana. [On the Biology 

 of Agapanthia dahlii, Richt.]— « JllODMTeJlb npMpOAbl.» [Friend 

 of Nature], Petrograd, xi, no. 6-7, June & July 191G, pp. 150-159, 

 11 figs. [Received 22nd November 1916.] 



The Longicorn, AgapantJiia dahlii, the life-history of which is very 

 little know-n, is a serious pest of sunflowers, and frequently destroys 

 whole fields in Russia. The insect winters as a mature larv^a in the 

 stem below the surface of the ground and pupates early in spring. 

 The pupal stage lasts about two weeks, the first beetles having been 

 observed in the open on 1st June. According to Schreiner, in the 



