27 



areas of crops were destroyed, anrl it was feared that another outbreak 

 might occur in 1915. The predominant species was Euxoa segetum, 

 while Feltia ejcclamationis occurred in smaller numbers, and several 

 other species were present. Digging operations that were started on 

 1 st May and continued till 17th June revealed the presence of both larvae 

 and pupae. Towards the end of this time the insects were already mostly 

 on the wing and were collected by means of molasses-troughs, the 

 maximum number being caught early in June. The males were more 

 numerous than the females, and this fact, combined with the unfavour- 

 able weather conditions, led to a very small oviposition and only very 

 few eggs or caterpillars were subsecjuently found in tlie open. The great 

 number of parasites earlier in the season infesting the caterpillars and 

 pupae of the first generation also contributed to this. About 70 per cent, 

 of them were infested with the Ichneumon, Amblyteks vadaforius, and 

 they were also attacked by a Braconid. Macrocentrus ? coUaris, and 

 another Ichneumon, Ophion luteus, as well as Tachinids. A. vadaiorius 

 was in its turn attacked by a Dipterous hyperparasite to the extent of 

 14-3 percent. The caterpillars also sutTercd from bacterial and fungous 

 diseases. The scarcity of caterpillars in this district put an end to any 

 further obser\-ations, but investigations in another part of the govern- 

 ment showed that a second generation was on the wing in August, the 

 numbers of which greatly exceeded those of the first. A series of 

 tables and a diagram showing the numbers of adults captured are 

 given. 



KoLossov (.[. M V OnepKis o BpeflHienfix'b Ypana, HaSnwflaBiuMxcfl bt* 



CenbCKOMlj XOSflMCTBt. [Firvirw of Pr.-ts of Airnciilturt' in the 



Ural. I «3anMCKM YpajibCKaro OSmecTBa JlrooMTeneM EcrecTBO- 



SHaHJfl. y> [Bulletin de hi Socitte OuraUicnne d\in(is des Sciencse 

 Natiirelles], Ekaterinburg, xxxvi, no. 14, 1916, pp. 45-58. 



This is a summary of replies to a circular letter sent out by the Ural 

 Society of Friends of Natural Science in the spring of 1915, similar to a 

 former one [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 398 J. The returns cover the 

 governments of Perm, Ufa and Orenburg, and the province of Turgai. 

 Locusts were present only in small numbers in Perm, chiefly owing to 

 the rainy spring and summer of 1915 and to the frosts which occurred 

 in May. Large outbreaks took place in some districts of this govern- 

 ment "in 1887-1890, 1891-92, 1901-1902, and in some years the damage 

 done, coupled with droughts, was responsible for famine. In Orenburg 

 they were more numerous and injurious, the most important species 

 being Bryodema tuberculatum, ¥., Arcyptera flavicosta, Fisch., and 

 Gomphocerus sibiricus, L. In one district the campaign against them 

 cost ^the Zemstvo some £700, sodium arsenite having been used, 

 which gave a death-rate of 95 per cent. Insect parasites were also of 

 assistance in reducing their numbers. Other species reported were : — 

 Stenobolhrus nigromaculatus, H.-S., S. albomarginatus, De G., Docios- 

 taurus {Stauronotus) brevicollis, Ev., Arcyptera fusca, Pall., Celes 

 variabilis var. subcaeruleipennis, Podisma pedestris, L., and Locusta sp. 



Mayetioln destructor, Say, was present on winter fields in some parts 

 of the government of Perm without causing great damage ; Apamea 

 {Hydroecia) nictitans, L., and some other Noctuidae were present in 



