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adhesive banding came into something hke general use the vahie of the 

 Dutch fruit crops was increased by over £10,000, and a very large 

 measure of success may be hoped for if control measures are systemati- 

 cally carried out. The following trees are attacked : Cherry, apple, 

 pear, gooseberry, black currant, plum, hazel, white thorn, beech, 

 hornbeam, willow, elm, oak, lime and wild rose ; red currant is rarely 

 or never attacked. The caterpillars especially prefer trees which have 

 been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and have a vigorous leafy growth, 

 and it is thought not unlikely that the outbreaks of C. brumata in the 

 Bangert district in 1909 and 1910 were aggravated by the use of this 

 spray. Apple and black currants suffer most in the flowers, cherry 

 and gooseberry in the fruit, though generally speaking the chief 

 damage is to the foliage, flowers and fruit together, and the older, well- 

 established trees seem to suffer more than the younger. This pest is 

 found all over Holland, its distribution being shown on a chart. South 

 Limburg and the area between the Meuse and the Rhine are seriously 

 affected, other regions being much less so. This difference in dis- 

 tribution is possibly due to a preponderance of cherry trees in some 

 districts, as this is a very favourite food-plant. Loss has been greatly 

 diminished in many of the worst affected areas as the result of an 

 active propaganda on behalf of tree banding. In South Limburg the 

 bad effects of neglect and the good effects of control may be seen side 

 by side. The spread of the pest from one area to another can hardly 

 bo due to the insect itself, owing to the inabihty of the females to fly, 

 while the caterpillars can only travel relatively short distances or be 

 blown from one tree to another by the wind. The nurseries are 

 suspected of being a more important cause of distribution, and of 83 

 examined only about 10 were found to be free from this pest, though 

 it is seldom numerous on young trees, owing to the constant pruning 

 and continual cultivation of the soil between them. In orchards, 

 where it is much less disturbed, it increases rapidly, but if 

 the other trees, especially limes, in the neighbourhood of a proposed 

 site are banded and otherwise looked after, it should be possible to keep 

 such orchards free from this moth. In the case of larger areas, such as 

 the Bangert, the spread of the pest from one orchard to another can 

 only be kept in check by the general application of control methods. 

 The first essential in planting a new orchard is to procure clean plants, 

 and before these are taken up in the nursery, they should be carefully 

 painted with a carbolineum solution ; this indeed should be part of 

 the winter practice in all nurseries. Regular pruning should be carried 

 out in all orchards and the prunings carefully removed ; bush fruits 

 should be well pruned early. Poultry are very valuable in destroying 

 all stages of this pest, and in hardly a single case where they were 

 admitted to an orchard, was it found to be infested to any serious 

 extent. The direct methods of control include the use of adhesive 

 belts and spraying with 8 per cent, carbolineum solution or with some 

 arsenical compound such as Paris green or lead arsenate. Adhesive 

 bands on established trees are the cheapest, easiest and sm-est method 

 of control. Carbolineum spray should be used in winter on all plants 

 on which bands cannot be fixed, such as bush fruits. In orchards with 

 grass underneath the trees and surrounded by a thorn hedge the treas 

 should be banded and the hedge sprayed with carbolineum. An 

 orchard of bush fruit only can be most cheaply treated with Paris green 



