74 



an inch or two from the trunk to prevent oviposition through it.. 

 Tunnels that were too deep to allow of the removal of larvae were 

 injected with carbon bisulphide, but this is of little advantage as the 

 larger larvae in the deep tunnels have already done nearly all the 

 injury of which they are capable. 



Spaulding (P.) & Habtley (C). Safety First in Tree Planting.— 



American Forestry. Washington, D.C., xxii, no. 275, November 

 1916, pp. 664-668, 8 figs. 



An appeal is made to American tree planters to do all that is possible 

 to avoid the importation of any new pests into the country. Great 

 damage has already been caused by many imported varieties of fungi 

 and insect pests. The gipsy and brown-tail moths [Lymantria dispar 

 and Euproctis chrysorrkoea], imported from Europe, are now estab- 

 lished in New England, where they cause tremendous havoc, and 

 millions of pounds have been spent in attempting their extermination. 

 Restriction of migration and the encouragement of natural parasites- 

 are the only measures now taken to check extension of the damage. 

 The pitch-pine bud moth [Rhyacionia buoliana.] has recently been 

 discovered in imported material and is very difficult to exterminate. 

 Inspection before transport has proved only a partial safeguard, for- 

 the most dangerous species may not have been serious pests in their 

 native habitats, though they may become so in a fresh climate and on a 

 new host. Moreover, some infested trees exhibit no signs of infestation 

 at the time of inspection. The measures suggested for adoption by 

 plant growers include the avoidance of importation of nursery stock 

 from any other Continent, and keeping distinct the three natural 

 divisions of the United States forest, i.e., the East, the Rocky Mountain 

 and the Pacific Coast, each of which contains some trees and their 

 enemies not present in any other division. If it is absolutely necessary 

 to buy from a nursery in another region, the planter should choose one 

 in a farming community and in open rather than in forested country,, 

 where the stock is raised from seed. 



Hawley (R. C.) & Record (S. J.). Do Ants kill Trees about their 

 Colonies? — American, Forestry, Washington, D.C., xxii, no. 275, 

 November 1916, pp. 685-686, 4 figs. 



Observations have been made on many ant-hills in various parts of 

 Connecticut and Pennsylvania to determine whether ants are responsible 

 for the death of trees growing near their colonies. These colonies were,, 

 in all cases but one, those of the red ant, Formica exsectoides, Forel, 

 The damage was chiefly done to white pine, though other varieties 

 were affected, such as Scotch pine, red cedar, American aspen, and 

 others. The area of infestation is, roughly, a radius of 10 feet from 

 each ant-hill and as many as 40 trees have been found killed around a 

 single colony. The first sign of injury exhibited by the white pine is a 

 yellowing of the leaves, which increases till the tree dies and the leaves, 

 turn brown. Examination of the dead trees- shows a constriction of the 

 trunk extending a few inches above the ground-level, with a decided 

 swelling at the upper margin. It is believed that the damage is caused 

 by Formica exsectoides, probably in order that the trees shall not shade 



