104 



wasp, Emnenes gracilis, Sauss., and various ants which destroy the 

 pupae. The seeds of Sesbania in the pod are attacked by a Chalcid, 

 Eurytoma sp., and by a species of Bruchus. 



T 



Gillette (C. P.) & Bragg (L. C.)- Two New Aphids, Capitophoms 

 shepherdiae and Siphocoryne aquatica, (Hem., Kom.). — Entom. 

 News, Philadelphia, xxvii, no. 10, December 1916, pp. 445-448. 

 2 plates. 



Descriptions are given of Capitophorus shepherdiae, sp. n., found on 

 Elaeagnus and Hippophaes, on which it hibernates, and Siphocoryne 

 aquatica, sp. n., which is common on the water-grass, Calabrosa 

 aquatica. 



Smith (L. B.). Relationship between the Wetting Power Efficiency of 

 Nicotine-Sulphate and Fish-Oil-Soap Sprays. — Jl. Agric. Research, 

 Washinglon, D.C., vii, no. 9, 27th November 1916, pp. 389-399, 

 2 figs. 



The author's experiments have demonstrated that the optimum 

 efficiency of sprays containing nicotine sulphate and fish-oil soap was 

 reached with a definite degree of concentration, while solutions of 

 greater or less concentration were less effective as insecticides. The 

 efficiency of the solutions was determined by field spraying experiments 

 on peas, spinach and strawberries. A table is given showing the 

 detailed results of these, divided into four groups. In group 1, a 

 constant amount of nicotine sulphate was used throughout, fish-oil 

 soap being added in varying quantities ; in group 4, fish-oil soap alone 

 was used. The results indicate that the addition of nicotine sulphate 

 to fish-oil soap solutions decidedly increases their value as insecticides, 

 while the efficiency of nicotine sprays is also increased by the addition 

 of soap, but when more than four pounds of soap were used with 10 oz. 

 nicotine sulphate to 50 U.S. gals, of water, there was a loss of both 

 wetting power and efficiency ; moreover, this loss of wetting power was 

 not in direct ratio to the quantity of soap in the solution, and indications 

 point to a chemical change taking place when a certain degree of 

 concentration is reached, which affects the physical properties of the 

 solutions containing nicotine, and also that the effect is greater after a 

 definite degree of concentration of soap is reached. It is evident from 

 the relative efficiency of the sprays that this chemical reaction affects 

 the soap and not the active nicotine sulphate. 



In groups 2 and 3 a constant amount of fish-oil soap was used with 

 varying quantities of nicotine sulphate. The results showed that the 

 addition of 5 lb. of soap to 50 gals, of nicotine solution increased the 

 efficiency from 20 to 30 per cent, more than that of similar nicotine 

 solutions which contained only 1 lb. of soap to 50 gals, of water. 

 The most satisfactory results were obtained with formvilae containing 

 5 lb. of soap, 6| to 8f oz. of nicotine sulphate and 50 gals, water : when 

 more than 8| oz. of nicotine were added, there was a loss in both 

 whetting power and efficiency. While the quantities of soap in these 

 solutions remained constant, there was a gradual loss of wetting power 

 as the quantity of nicotine was increased. Thus the same results are 

 arrived at as those produced by group 1. If nicotine sulphate is used 



