153 



shaded places. Pupation on the part of hibernating individuals is 

 over by the middle of May and, as the season advances, the pupal 

 stage becomes shorter, the minimum in spring being 16 days. The 

 eggs are laid mainly on smooth spots exposed to the sun, rough or hairy 

 parts being avoided. More eggs are laid on the fruits than on the 

 foliage, especially in the case of varieties having rough leaves. After 

 hatching, the caterpillars frequently make several attempts to enter 

 the fruit before a suitable spot is discovered. The process of boring 

 into the fruit, which is fully described, occupies some 50-55 minutes 

 in apples and 25-30 minutes in apricots. Though the first generation 

 of caterpillars usually enters the fruit through the calyx, it does not 

 follow that this is the only way in which it can do so ; otherwise it 

 would be necessary to attribute a different instinct to the next 

 generation, which enters at the top of the pedicel or from the sides 

 of the fruit. As a matter of fact, the caterpillars search for a 

 protected spot to begin boring and find it, in the first instance, 

 exclusively in the calyx. The life-history of the various stages of 

 the caterpillars within the fruit are described in detail. After the 

 third moult they exhibit a tendency to pass from one fruit to another, 

 and in the fourth stage this may become compulsory, owing to the 

 dropping of the infested fruits. At this time they are much subject 

 to the attacks of predaceous enemies, though their parasites, such 

 as the Ichneumon, Hemiteles carpocapsae, can reach them even in 

 the seed of the fruit. When no other fruit is found, pupation may 

 take place after the fifth or even the fourth moult, although this 

 normally occurs after the sixth. The total duration of the larval 

 stage varies between a minimum of 14 and a maximum of 20 days. 

 In discussing the number of generations of this moth, the author 

 deplores the lack of any methodical observations on this point in 

 Russia. The method adopted by him in Turkestan during 1913 

 and 1914 consisted of the use of trap belts, the captures from which 

 provided material for the preparation of curves showing the number 

 of caterpillars and adults collected at definite intervals. It appears 

 certain that three generations occur in Turkestan. Besides wintering 

 caterpillars, some adults were occasionally found during the winter 

 months, though their numbers were hardly sufficient to render certain 

 the existence of a fourth generation. The occurrence of a state of 

 larval diapause is clearly established by the fact of a number of 

 caterpillars of each generation remaining without further develop- 

 ment over the winter. The factors that produce this are obscure, 

 but a certain analogy can be drawTi between this phenomenon and 

 the polymorphism of certain insects, dependant on hereditary 

 biological tendencies. 



SiJAzovA (A.). Ki. 6iojioriM HtKOTopbixi* epeAHbixi HactKOMbixi* 

 TypKeciaHCKaro Kpan. [On the Biology of some Insect Pests of 

 Turkestan.] — ^Reprint from «TypKeCTaHCHOe CenbCKOe X03HH- 



P.TRn » \ Anrir.iiltiirp nf T'tlrl•pst^.'n^ Tn.shhpvit 191 fi. 1.5 nn. 



CTBO.» 



n.j — iteprmt irom « lypKeCTaHCHoe ue/ibCKoe i 



[Agriculture of Turkestan], Tashkent, 1916, 15 pp. 



The second instalment of this article [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, 

 p. 493], which is contained in this complete reprint of the whole, 

 deals with Rhynchites auralus, Scop., with, special reference to the 

 method of oviposition by j^ the females. This process has been 



