160 



Chiaei (M.). Lotta invernale contro la " tignola ", la " tignoletta " e 

 la " plralide " della vite. [Winter Control of Clysia amhigueUa, Hb., 

 Pclychrosis botrana, Schiff.,and Sparganothis pilleriana, Schiff.] — 

 Riv. Agric, Parma, xxiii, no. 1, 5th January 1917, p. 8. 



The usual methods of winter control against vine moths are 

 enumerated in this article, which is intended for popular use. 



Schneider-Orelli (0.). Ueber den ungleichen Borkenkafer an Obst- 

 baumen im Sommer 1916. [The Bark-beetle, Anisandrus dispar, 

 on Fruit Trees in the Summer of 1916.] — Schweiz. Zeitschr. f. 

 Obst- u. Weinbau, Frauenfeld, xxvi, nos. 1-2, 8th- 20th January 

 1917, pp. 5-9, & 17-21, 2 figs. 



A bark-beetle outbreak was noticed in many Swiss orchards about 

 eight to ten years ago and since 1915 another has developed. While 

 the injury done by Scolytus {Eccoptogaster) rugulosus and S. pruni 

 is mostly of a slowly progressive nature, that done by Xyleborus 

 {Anisandrus) dispar is more rapid in its effects, young fruit trees 

 sometimes withering within two to three months after the first attack, 

 unless the borers are driven away by an abundant exudation of sap. 

 During 1916 numbers of eight- to twelve-year-old apple and plum 

 trees on the shores of the Lake of Zurich were attacked by X. dispar. 

 Any mechanical injury which interferes with the circulation of sap, 

 even though only temporarily, provides the most favourable 

 conditions for attack by this beetle. It has been erroneously assumed 

 that very vigorous trees are chiefly attacked, but examination of the 

 few bores in such trees shows that the work has been stopped by the 

 flow of sap and that in cases where oviposition has been effected the 

 eggs rot. Incomplete bores are not always covered by new growth, 

 and the impossibility of distinguishing between incomplete, un- 

 inhabited bores and those which are densely populated, explains 

 the many inaccurate statements regarding predisposition to attack. 

 The four species of fruit-tree bark-beetles occurring in Switzerland 

 have only one annual generation there, and though X. dispar has been 

 stated to have two, this is erroneous and may be due to S. rugulosus 

 or S. pruni being mistaken for it ; these species hibernate as larvae 

 and emerge from six to eight weeks after X. dispar. The only 

 practical means of saving a newly attacked tree is to push a plug of 

 wadding steeped in carbon bisulphide deep into the bore-hole, which 

 is then sealed with putty or clay. Only from 2 to 3| oz. of carbon 

 bisulphide are required per tree. Chloroform, benzine and naphthaline 

 are unsuitable for this purpose. 



Masino (F.). La coUa nella preparazione della poltiglia bordolese. 



[Glue in the Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture.] — Minerva Agra- 

 ria,Milan,vm,no. 23-24, 15th-30th December 1916, pp. 284-286. 

 (Abstract from Atti R. Accad. Agric. Torino). 



The addition of glue to Bordeaux mixture increases the adhesiveness 

 of the spray and modifies its chemical composition. Glue is almost 

 insoluble in cold water, but when it is added to Bordeaux mixture, 

 the copper, instead of remaining as a precipitate of hydrated oxide, 

 is dissolved and combined with the glue, which probably acts as a 



