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tills pest, i.e., the caustic alkali wash, paraffin emulsion and the 

 Woburn wash, only the first had any solvent action. All these washes 

 have however been found useful to a certain extent, probably on 

 account of the physical property of the paraffin oil contained in them. 

 Owing to the position of the spiracles being on the ventral side of 

 the insect they are more or less protected by its body, and this fact 

 lessens the chances of the spraying fluid reaching them. 



The following method of dealing with this pest is advised : the 

 trunks of the trees and the larger branches should be scrubbed with 

 a hard brush and hot water in winter, and in the spring those trees 

 on which newly hatched insects are present should be sprayed with 

 a weak kerosene emulsion. Several spraying operations will be 

 necessary. 



Williams (C. B.). Notes on a Froghopper attacking Sugar-cane at 

 Marienburg Estate, Surinam. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, vii, 

 no. 3, January 1917, pp. 271-272. 



Examples of the froghopper, Tomaspis tristis, F., were foimd 

 commonly on two parts of the estate which were most heavily 

 infested the year before (1915). The adult is much larger than the 

 Trinidad species (T. saccharine, Dist.). It is found in the characteristic 

 position, head upwards, at the base of the leaves of the cane. Eggs 

 laid by females in captivity, which were given the choice of green 

 leaves or moist dead trash, were found without exception in the 

 trash. They were embedded in the material more deeply than is 

 usual in T. saccharina. The yoimg, surrounded by their froth, were 

 found usually imder the leaf-sheaths of the cane from near the ground 

 to three to four feet, and in one case nearly five feet, from the ground. 

 No nymphs are reported as occurring on the roots. This is an 

 important difference in habit from both the Trinidad froghopper 

 (T. saccharina) and the Demerara species (T. flavilatera, Urich). 

 The texture of the froth resembles that of T. saccharina and is not 

 like the close, stiff froth of T. pubescens, F., one specimen of which 

 was obtained on grass alongside the cane-fields. A description of 

 the nymph in its various stages is given. No natural enemies Mere 

 observed. The control measure likely to yield the best results is 

 hand-picking. Spraying, if considered practicable, should be 

 thorough, while the efficacy of light traps might be tested. The 

 introduction of the green muscardine fungus {Metarrhizivm anisopliae) 

 might be a successful measure of control in view of the short, and 

 comparatively moist, dry seasons in Surinam. 



The nearest related species in Trinidad is T. guppyi, Urich, an 

 apparently rare species of which the habits are unknown. 



Burke (H. E.). Flat-headed Borers affecting Forest Trees in the 

 United States. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull. no. 437, 

 16th January 1917, 8 pp., 9 plates. 



Buprestid larvae, known as flat-headed borers, attack both deciduous 

 and coniferous trees, as well as shrubs and herbaceous plants ; they 

 chiefly damage the bark and wood of the main trunk, though all 

 other parts of the plant are liable to attack. Eggs are deposited 

 singly or in a mass on the surface or in crevices in the bark, the larva 



