300 



BiELSKY (B. I.). Kl> SionoriM Opomyza florwn F.— BpeAMieflfl 03M- 

 MblXli X/I'bSoB'b. [On the Biology of Opomyza florum, a Pest of 

 Winter Cereals.]— « WypHani. FlpHMJiaflHOM 3HTOMOnoriM.» 



[Journal of Applied Entomology], Kiev, vol. 1, no. 1, 1917, 

 pp. 47-76. 



The author discovered larvae of Opomyza florum, F., in the stems 

 of wdnter grain crops in Kiev in 1914 and the fly was also found 

 in the same year by I. I. Korab in another locality of that government. 

 The identification of this pest was confirmed by the late I. A. 

 Portchinsky, who pointed out the scarcity of records concerning it. 



0. florum is known to occur in Austria, Germany and Belgium ; in 

 Russia it has been observed in several governments, though no reports 

 of damage by this insect have been received. This in the opinion of 

 the author is due to the fact that the larvae in their first two stages 

 resemble mature larvae of Oscinella frit, while the apparent damage is the 

 same. The adults are very sensitive to heat and in the summer remain 

 in or near forests, returning to the fields in the autumn. Pairing and 

 oviposition take place in September ; the eggs are laid in the soil, near 

 the shoots of winter-sown grain. The eggs remain through the winter, 

 but the exact time of the hatching of the la rva has not been ascertained. 

 The larvae of the first stage are always found inside the stem at the 

 base, though it is not known how they reach this position ; having 

 moulted, they penetrate into the tube formed by the unfolded leaves 

 at the apex, which turn yellow, thus indicating the presence of this 

 pest. The larvae of the third stage return to the base of the shoot, 

 feeding on the dead and decaying tissues of the plant and destroying 

 the whole of the shoot ; they also pass in this stage to other shoots. 

 Cases have been observed where larvae of Oscinella frit present in 

 such shoots were devoured. Pupation takes place inside the destroyed 

 stems near the root. The larvae are found in March, April and May ; 

 the pupal stage lasts 18-22 days ; the adults live about five months 

 from May to October or November. About 11 per cent, of the pupae 

 collected in one estate produced a parasite, not identified. The 

 economic importance of 0. florum. is far less than that of Hylemyia 

 {Leptohylemyia) coarctata as it never destroys the tillering point, as 

 does the latter, but only single stems. If the percentage of infested 

 crops is not higher than 25, the necessity for any remedies is doubtful ; 

 even a greater percentage can be regarded as dangerous only where 

 the soil is poor and exhausted, the only remedy in these cases being 

 the use of proper manure. 



Gross-Heim (W. a.). MHTaeKuifl riincoM"b, KaKii MeTOAii MayneHin 



nOflSCMHOM >KM3HM HactKOMblXTj. [Injection of Gypsum (Plaster 

 of Paris) as a Method of studying the subterranean Life of Insects.] 

 — « WypHanii FlpHKnaflHOM 3HTOMOnoriM.» [Journal of Applied 

 Entomology], Kiev, vol. 1, no. 1, 1917. pp. 77-79. 



In order to study the construction of the burrows and mines of 

 insects living underground, such as Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (vul^jaris), 

 Latr., Lethrus apterus, Laxm., etc., the author, m conjunction with 



1. V. Emelianov, has used injections of plaster of Paris. For this 

 purpose the powder is mixed with water to the consistency of 



