329 



curling of the leaves. In July its migration began, and by the end of 

 this month apples were abandoned by it. The second generation of 

 A. pomi was winged and therefore spread throughout the orchards, 

 remaining the dominant species till the end of the season ; its effect 

 on the foliage being intermediate between that of the other two 

 species. 



To test the effects of the three species on the fruits, normal fruit 

 clusters were artificially infested and enclosed in fine silk netting. 

 The results showed that the injury caused by Aphis avenae was only 

 slight, resulting in a slightly one-sided growth, and in the increased 

 number of apples in a cluster, the so-called aphis apples. The most 

 severe injury was done to clusters attacked early by A. sorbi and 

 A. pomi, the fruit being completely destroyed. By the end of May 

 and early in June clusters infested by A. sorbi had badly distorted 

 fruits and by the end of June the distortion was extreme. Clusters 

 infested with A. pomi showed a similar distortion, but instead of the 

 formation of aphis apples, all save one or two in the clusters were 

 destroyed. 



From a consideration of these data, it was evident that control 

 measures to be effective must be undertaken at the end of April or very 

 ■earlv in May. Consequently on 1st May, when the leaves of the more 

 advanced buds were projecting from J to h inch, 52 trees were sprayed 

 with 40 per cent, nicotine solution, | pint being added to 100 U.8. gals. 

 <)f lime-sulphur solution diluted 1 part to 8 parts of water ; the efficacy 

 of this treatment depends on the thorough wetting of every bud, 

 11 gals, being required for each tree. Although it may be objected 

 that owing to its lateness this application may injure the foliage and 

 afford only a poor protection against the blister mite, this is more than 

 counterbalanced by its deadly effect on the newly-hatched nymphs of 

 Aj)his sorbi, the eggs of which are unaffected by lime-sulphur, and the 

 protection afforded by it against early apple-scab infections. In the 

 above experiment, not one of the 52 trees showed a single injured fruit 

 or curled leaf, while of untreated control trees, one had 106 injured 

 fruits, and another 48G curled leaves. 



Parrott (P. J.). Insects that Factor in the Grading of Apples. — 



Address to Western New York Hortic. Soc, Geneva, N.Y., 

 24th January 1917, 10 pp. [Received 30th May 1917.] 



The relative degree of infestation of the principal apple pests causing 

 malformation in the fruit in New York during 1916 are shown in a 

 figure. The codling moth [Cydia ■pomonella'] is by far the most serious 

 pest, infestations in lesser degree being shown in the following order 

 by Aphids, red bugs [Heterocordylus malinics], curculio [AntJwnomus 

 quadrigibbus], lesser apple worm [Enarmonia prunivora], leaf-roller 

 {^Cacoecia argyrospila], green fruit worm [Xylina^, San Jose scale 

 [Aspidiotvs perniciosus], bud moth [Eucostna ocella)m], Palmer worm 

 [Dicliomeris lig>tlella] and apple maggot [Rhagoletis pomonella]. 

 Another figure shows the sequence of attacks by these pests on the 

 apple crop from the time of blossoming until harvest, and the exact 

 form of damage by each species is described. A few species cause 

 damage to apples after the crop is picked and barrelled. Codling moth 

 larvae may be carried into store-houses in the fruit and under favourable 



