340 



Haltica ampelophaga hibernates as an adult under the bark, emerging 

 and migrating to the young shoots in April. Oviposition occurs in 

 May, the larvae devouring the foliage in May and June and trans- 

 forming to adults of the second generation in June and July. The 

 next generation, which becomes adult at the end of the summer, is that 

 which passes the winter under the bark. Controls for this flea-beetle 

 are the burning of artificial shelters during the winter ; the use in spring 

 of repellent dust-sprays of sulphur and naphthaline or sulphur and 

 nicotine or of arsenical solutions to drive away the adults and prevent 

 oviposition ; the removal of leaves bearing eggs or young larvae ; the 

 collection of adults in early spring, before oviposition occurs, by means 

 of bait- traps ; and the protection of natural enemies, particularly the 

 blue bug, Zicrona coendea. Bycliscus bekdae {Rynchites betuleti) 

 hibernates in the ground in the adult stage, appearing on the branches 

 in May and rolling the leaves into a cylinder in which the females 

 oviposit. The larvae mature in the rolled-up leaves, transforming 

 into the adult in the ground at the end of summer. The only practical 

 control of this weevil is to collect and burn the rolled-up leaves on two 

 or three occasions during June, Otiorrhijnchus sulcatus occurs as a 

 larva in the soil during the winter, having developed during the summer 

 and autumn on the vine-roots, and in the early spring re-commences 

 its attacks. Pupation occurs in April and May, and in May and June 

 the weeviJc appear attacking the shoots. Eggs are deposited just 

 under the surface of the soil. The larvae can be destroyed in the 

 ground by injections of carbon bisulphide ; this is an expensive 

 method, the success of which is doubtful in sandy soil. Repellent 

 sprays round the infested area prevent the spread of the pest. The 

 most successful measure is the collection of adults in June and July, 

 either in the day-time by shelter-traps, or at night by means of 

 trap-lamps. 



Eulecanium persicae, the most formidable scale-insect attacking 

 vines in France, passes the winter on the old stocks, or on the last year's 

 growth. Insecticides will destroy some of the larvae on the leaves 

 during the summer, but the most effective control consists of 

 washes on the old wood and new growth during the winter. The 

 formula recommended is : heavy tar-oil, 5 to 10 lb. ; fat lime, 20 lb. ; 

 water, 10 gals. The lime is slaked with a Httle water ; as soon as it 

 begins to form a powder the oil is poured on to it. The mixture should 

 be stirred occasionally until the oil is well mixed in. Application 

 should be made with a brush. 



Cutworms are controlled by injections of carbon bisulphide into the 

 soil during the winter, or by sulphur or repellent sprays. Collection 

 of larvae should be made in the day-time at the foot of the trunks and 

 under artificial shelters, or at night on the branches. The adult moths 

 can be captured during the summer with baits. Arctia (Chelonia) caja 

 occurs on weeds and undergrowth during the spring and later in the 

 season sometimes attacks vine-shoots. Strips of ground left un- 

 worked and unhoed check infestation of the vine to a certain extent. 

 The bionomics and control of the vine-moths, Sparganothis fiUeriana, 

 Clysm amhiguella and Polychrosis botrana, which have been frequently 

 dealt with in this Review, are given in detail. 



Natural enemies which destroy these pests should be protected as a 

 first means of defence. They include mammals such as moles, 



