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Feytaud (J.). Les Cochenilles de la Vigne. [Vine Scale-Insects.] — Rev. 

 Viticulture, Pam, xlvi, nos. 1197, 1198, 1199, 7th, 14th, 21st June 

 1917, pp. 357-362, 373-376, 389-395. 



The chief scale-insects attacking the vine in France are : — Pulvinaria 

 vitis, L., Eulecanium (Lecanium) persicae, F., E. (L.) corni, Bch., 

 Targionia vitis, Sign., and Pseudococcus (DactTjlopius) vitis, Nied. 

 Of these E. persicae and E. corni occur on many host-plants, but the 

 other three are more exclusively pests of the vine. The universal 

 pests, Icerya purchasi and Aulacaspis {Diaspis) pentagotia, have recently 

 been introduced into the south-east of France, but steps are being 

 taken to prevent their spread. Targionia vilis is confined to the 

 Mediterranean region, but Pseudococcus vitis is abundant in Tunis, 

 Palestine and the Crimea. In France there are, normally, two genera- 

 tions a year, three or four in Tunis and more in the east. Margarodes 

 vitium, Giard, is a remarkable subterranean species attacking vines 

 in Chile, the female depositing eggs to the number of about 600 in the 

 top layer of the soil. The young larvae attach themselves to the roots 

 and, after the first moult, encyst by means of a yellowish cutaneous 

 secretion in a globular form, commonly called " ground pearls,"' in 

 which state they remain for months or even years, according to the 

 conditions of moisture. The injury caused by this species is serious 

 and resembles that of Phylloxera ; hence the importance of preventing 

 its introduction. 



Owing to the exudation of sap caused by the attacks of these 

 scale-insects, vines are attacked by numerous fungi, some of them 

 (Capnodium, Limacinia, Fumago) causing sooty mould, which injures 

 the plant by obstructing the stomata. In countries such as Palestine, 

 with a warm dry climate and light soil, Pseudococcus vitis adapts 

 itself to a life in the soil, where it lives a commensal existence with 

 the fungus, Bortietina corium, on the vine roots, causing a special 

 disease. A more intimate symbiosis exists between some scale- 

 insects and yeast fungi, the latter aiding their digestive function and 

 thus being advantageous to the insect, e.g., Lecaniascus polyrnorphus 

 with Coccus {Lecanium) hesperidum, L., and Pulvinaria floccijera, 

 Westw. Pathogenic fungi that attack the Diaspids are Myriangium 

 duriaei, Acrostalagmus coccidicola, Acremonium coccophilum, Hyalopus 

 yvonis, and Sphaerostilbe coccophila, the last also controlling Aspidiotus 

 perniciosus in America, and Aulacaspis pentagona in Japan. The 

 Lecaniids are controlled by Cordiceps clavulata, Sporotrichutn lecanii, 

 and Verticillium heterocladum. 



Insects, such as earwigs, Coccinellids and Chrysopids, exercise an 

 important natural control over Coccids, which are also parasitised by 

 Chalcids and Diptera. The larvae of the Noctuid, Eublemma {Eraslria) 

 scitida lives on the eggs of Coccids and controls Ceroplastes rusci and 

 Saissetia (Lecamum) oleae in Algeria and the south of France. The 

 wasp, Celin troglodytes, Lind., is one of the chief enemies of Pidvinaria 

 vitis. Among the Chalcids, the Aphelininae are exclusively parasitic 

 on Coccids. A large number of Encyrtids, Ericydnus ventrali^, Dalm., 

 Blastothrix scJwenherri, Dalm., Encyrtus duplicatus, Nees, Eucomys 

 swederi, Dalm., the Pteromalids, Etinotus cretaceus. Walk., and Pachy- 

 neuron coccorum, L., and the Eulophids, Eulophus scutellaris, Nees, 

 and Aphelinus scutellaris, Dalm. , are all parasitic on scale-insects. The 



