533 



and the leaves to become brown and die. There is only one generation 

 in the year, the larva pupating in July and the adult beetles appearing 

 four weeks later, in late August or early September ; they live on 

 various plants, including the young leaves of newly thinned poppies, 

 and hibernate in the soil, from which they emerge in April. Preventive 

 measures include early sowing in the spring ; wide planting ; 

 strengthening the plant to render it resistant by dressing the ground 

 with saltpetre when tliinning out ; well manuring the preceding crop 

 with farmyard manure ; clean cultivation of the poppy fields and 

 hilling up the plants. 



Del Vecchio (C). Phjtomyza flaiicornis, a Dipteron injurious to the 

 Milan Cabbage in Lombardy. — MtJilij. Bull. Agric. Intell. &, PI 

 Bis., Rome, viii, no. 7, July 1917, p. 1069. (Abstract from 

 Natura, Milan, viii, January to April 1917, pp. 75-77, 2 figs.). 

 [Received 21st September 1917.] 



The whole of the Mian cabbages in the experimental field of the 

 Royal Higher School of Agriculture of Milan were attacked in 

 September 1915 by the larvae of Phytomyza flavicornis. Fall., which 

 injured the outer parts of the roots, causing the small inner leaves to 

 atrophy almost entirely. The larvae pupated in the soil during the 

 second half of October, and the adult flies emerged in the following 

 summer. In the same field other roots were found badly damaged 

 by another Dipteron, Chortophila brassicae, Bch., and Aphis bmssicae 

 occurred on some of the plants. 



PopoFF (M.) & JoAKiMOFF (D.). Observations on the Vine Pliylloxera 

 in Bulgaria. — Mthly. Bull. Agric. Intell. <& PI. Dis., Rome, viii, 

 no. 7, July 1917, pp. 1070-1071. (Abstract from Zeitschrift fiir 

 angeivandte Entomologie, Berlin, iii, 3, pp. 367-382, December 1916.) 

 [Received 21st September 1917.] 



The method of cultivation occurring throughout Bulgaria known as 

 " asmas," which means the growing of vines around dwellings, or 

 climbing upon trees, walls and other supports, renders them much 

 more resistant to Phylloxera than those pruned and cultivated in the 

 open. The vines are from 4-5 metres apart, the soil is never worked, 

 and as the roots sometimes encounter obstructions they are obliged 

 to penetrate deeply into the soil, where they develop well, pruning 

 being restricted to superfluous shoots. In this way vines are obtained 

 resembling trees, which often live for 100 years. This method of 

 cultivation is very unfavourable to Phylloxera because in the case of 

 vines with a deep and well develojDed root system, the lower roots are 

 sufficient to support the normal life of the plant, the pest being able 

 to live only on the upper roots ; the entry of the insects into the soil 

 is more difficult when the ground is not periodically worked ; by 

 limiting pruning to a minimum, branches and leaves are formed which 

 are very resistant. When manuring is necessary for such vines, it 

 should be done before the Aphids have begun to migrate, and the 

 earth should be thoroughly pounded to prevent them from effecting 

 an entry. 



